Panakeia Journal of Epidemiology is a scientific journal published by the Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Mulawarman. The journal serves as a platform for researchers, academics, and public health professionals to disseminate high-quality research in the field of epidemiology. The Panakeia Journal of Epidemiology focuses on various epidemiological studies, including but not limited to infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, environmental and occupational epidemiology, health surveillance, biostatistics applications in epidemiology, and public health interventions. The journal aims to contribute to the advancement of epidemiological science and its application in public health policies and programs. The journal follows a double-blind peer-review process to ensure the quality and credibility of the published articles. It accepts original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and short communications related to epidemiology and public health.
Understanding Toxoplasmosis in Reproductive-Age Women: Determinants of Infection and Evidence-Based Mitigation Approaches
Toxoplasmosis remains a persistent public health concern among women of reproductive age due to the risk of congenital transmission and severe fetal outcomes. This narrative review aimed to synthesize recent evidence on infection determinants and evaluate evidence-based strategies to mitigate risks, addressing persistent gaps in awareness and intervention efficacy. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted for studies published between 2016 and 2025. The findings reveal substantial geographic variation in seroprevalence, influenced by environmental conditions, cultural practices, and socioeconomic disparities. Higher infection rates were consistently reported among older, multiparous, rural, and less-educated women. Key risk factors included consumption of contaminated water, undercooked meat, and poor hygiene practices, while associations with cat ownership were inconsistent. Overall, knowledge and awareness of toxoplasmosis were low among women and healthcare providers. Although educational interventions and antenatal screening demonstrated potential benefits, their effectiveness remains insufficiently evaluated. Integrated, context-specific prevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce infection risk and prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Panakeia Journal of Epidemiology
A Qualitative Study of Online Media Narratives on The Primary Service Integration Program in Indonesia in 2024
There is a new regulation in bringing health services closer to the community, namely Primary Service Integration (ILP), which is an important part of the transformation of the health system in primary care initiated by the Ministry of Health. This study was a qualitative study of online news portal content that aims to explain ILP policy in Indonesia. The research sample consists of national online media news about ILP policy published between January and June 2024. The researcher used the keyword ‘ILP’ and searched two online news portals. MAXQDA software was also used as a data analysis tool in this study. Features used included Word Cloud and word frequency to understand the main concepts. The results showed that there were four dominant topics in the coverage of well-known online media in Indonesia related to ILP policy in Indonesia. The topic of expectations related to ILP was the most dominant topic with 12 quotes
Body Mapping As Risk Factors For Non-Communicable Disease In East Borneo
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension, pose a significant health concern in East Kalimantan, with a national prevalence of 34.1% among individuals aged ≥ 18 years. The underutilization of spatial data frequently gives rise to interventions that are not targeted with optimal precision. The objective of this study is to map the incidence of hypertension and its risk factors in 10 districts/cities in East Kalimantan Province. This study employs a descriptive approach to investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors. The data were collected from the Indonesian Healthy Application for Non-Communicable Diseases (ASIK) program. The sample in this study consisted of all 10 districts/cities in East Kalimantan Province that have implemented the ASIK NCD information system program in 2024. The analysis was conducted using descriptive methods and presented in the following forms: narrative, tabular, and mapping. These data were analyzed using the QGIS application. The analysis revealed that the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in Penajam Paser Utara (36.5%) and Samarinda (36.0%), while the largest absolute case burden was identified in Kutai Kartanegara (84,335 individuals). The analysis revealed significant disparities in risk factors, with Mahakam Ulu District exhibiting predominance in nearly all domains, including insufficient physical activity (70.7%), alcohol consumption (25.5%), obesity (34.5%), and smoking (22.7%). In conclusion, the distribution of hypertension in East Kalimantan is fairly even, but it is driven by different risk determinants across regions. This makes it challenging to implement uniform prevention strategies.
Factors Influencing Compliance with Iron Supplementation Among Female Adolescents in Senior High Schools, Samarinda City, 2025
Anemia in adolescent girls is a significant health problem due to increased iron requirements during puberty. Iron supplements are an important intervention, but previous studies have shown that 58.4% of adolescent girls have low compliance rates. This study aims to analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward iron supplement consumption among high school students in Samarinda City. This study used a cross-sectional design involving 466 respondents from three secondary schools. Data were collected through an online questionnaire covering knowledge, attitude, and TTD consumption variables. Results showed that 47.2% of respondents had very good knowledge and 90.3% had a positive attitude. Bivariate analysis showed no significant relationship between knowledge and TTD consumption (OR = 1.039; 95% CI: 0.680–1.587; p = 0.860). Conversely, attitude showed a significant relationship, where students with negative attitudes were less likely to consume TTD (OR = 1.613; 95% CI: 1.052–2.471; p = 0.028). These findings indicate that attitude has a greater influence than knowledge in promoting TTD consumption behavior. Interventions to improve TTD consumption compliance should focus on fostering positive attitudes among adolescent girls.
Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Across Age Groups in Urban Indonesia: A WHO STEPS-Based Study
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major public health concern, with risk factors increasingly observed among younger populations. To describe and compare behavioral and biological NCD risk factors among adolescents (15–19 years), young adults (20–24 years), and adults (25–59 years) in Samarinda, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 respondents using the WHO STEPS questionnaire, covering behavioral factors (tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, diet) and biological factors (BMI, blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol). Smoking was highest among young adults (22.2%) versus adolescents (9.3%) and adults (17.7%). Adolescents reported relatively higher alcohol use (12.4%). Young adults showed more sedentary behavior (40%). Fruit consumption was inadequate across all groups. Overweight/obesity prevalence increased with age: adolescents (19.4%), young adults (24.4%), adults (54.4%). Adults showed higher hypertension (44.1%) and high cholesterol (35.3%). Behavioral risks emerge during adolescence, while biological risks accumulate with age. Early prevention targeting youth through community-based education and health monitoring is essential.
An Assessment of Sanitation Facilities in Places of Worship in Samarinda City
Places of worship are intensively used public facilities, and inadequate environmental quality may heighten the risk of disease transmission. Monitoring of sanitation compliance in such facilities remains limited, particularly in densely populated residential areas with greater environmental vulnerability. This study aimed to describe environmental health conditions and sanitation facilities in places of worship situated in densely populated areas of Samarinda City, Indonesia. A descriptive observational design was applied using a sanitation assessment checklist covering location, building conditions, clean water, wastewater disposal, solid waste management, latrine conditions, ventilation, lighting, and worship facilities. A total of 20 worship places were evaluated, and data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, and mean scores. Results showed that all sites (100%) achieved scores ≥7000, indicating compliance with sanitation requirements, with an average score of 12,535. Clean water availability, flooring, wall conditions, and ventilation were the best-performing aspects (100%). However, deficiencies were observed in lighting (80%), sealed wastewater channels (65%), and standardized temporary waste storage (50%). Overall, sanitation conditions were good, although improvements in lighting and waste management remain necessary.
Description of Knowledge, Behavior, and Environment With the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Children Under Five Years at Puskesmas Trauma Center
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) remain one of the leading causes of illness in children under five years of age, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. However, few studies have examined how parents' knowledge, behavior, and environmental factors together influence the occurrence of ARI. This study used a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach, conducted at the Puskesmas Trauma Center in Samarinda from June to July 2025. Thirty-one parents of children under five years of age diagnosed with ARI were selected through accidental sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that most respondents had good knowledge about ARI prevention, but their preventive behaviors were inconsistent, such as exposure to secondhand smoke and the use of masks. Environmental risks such as household waste burning and indoor air pollution were still commonly found. These findings indicate that having good knowledge alone is not sufficient to reduce ARI cases without behavioral changes and support from the environment. This study highlights the importance of integrated public health education and environmental interventions to effectively prevent ARI in children under five years of age.
Knowledge, Behavior, Envinronment, Acute respiratory infections (ARI)
Prediabetes and Diabetes Alert : Check Your Blood Glucose
The risk factors for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are known and simple to assess. A strong chain of evidence exists for the benefıts of early identifıcation of and intervention on prediabetes and diabetes. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of patients with prediabetes and T2DM in public health center, Depok, West Java. The study’s characteristics were age, sex, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The study design uses descriptive studies. The study population was all people with diabetes mellitus is one in the public health center, Depok, West Java. This study sample was people who checking blood glucose in January 2020 to April 2021 in the public health centers, 238 patients. The sampling technique is by using non-random sampling. The results showed that people aged over 55 years 55.5%, female sex 67.2%, based on IFG 42.8% with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 32.4% with prediabetes, based on IGT 27.3% with T2DM and 11.8% with prediabetes. The study population’s conclusions were all people with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus in the public health center, Depok, West Java, aged over 55 years, female sex, IFG, and IGT.
Hypertension in the Kutai Community in Penyinggahan Village, West Kutai Regency. Is There a Relationship with Physical Activity? A Cross-Sectional Study
Hypertension is a major health problem in Indonesia, with a prevalence rate of 39.3% in East Kalimantan, including in West Kutai Regency. This study aims to analyze the relationship between consumption of high-risk foods and beverages and physical activity with the incidence of hypertension among the Kutai people in the working area of the Penyinggahan Health Center. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with a sample of 140 respondents aged 30–64 years selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using FFQ and IPAQ questionnaires and analyzed using univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Test), and multivariate (Logistic Regression) methods. The results showed that 51.4% of respondents suffered from hypertension, with significant associations found with high-risk BMI (p=0.000; OR=3.699), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p<0.05), and consumption of fat, oil, salt, and sugar (p<0.05). No significant relationships were found with protein, fiber, potassium, fruits, vegetables, age, gender, or ethnicity. In conclusion, high-risk BMI, inadequate physical activity, and dietary patterns low in protein, fiber, and potassium are dominant risk factors for hypertension among the Kutai people.
Hypertension, Physical Activity, Dietary Patterns, Kutai People, Risk Factors
Trends And Patterns of Maternal Referrals from Ciawi Community Health Center To Referral Facilities In 2024
Maternal referral is a vital component of maternal healthcare systems, particularly at the primary care level such as community health centers (Puskesmas). This study aims to analyze the trends and referral patterns of maternal cases from Puskesmas Ciawi to higher-level healthcare facilities throughout the year 2024. The method used is descriptive quantitative research based on secondary data collected from monthly records of childbirth services (partus) and referral forms for pregnant and laboring mothers. Analysis focuses on the number of deliveries and referrals per month, the most common medical indications, and the frequently referred-to facilities. The results show monthly fluctuations in maternal referrals, with the highest peak in December. The number of referrals does not always correlate with the number of births, suggesting that clinical risks are the main drivers of referral decisions. The most frequent diagnoses include preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), obstructed labor, and antepartum hemorrhage. Most patients were referred to RSUD Ciawi as the primary network hospital. The study also found that BPJS (National Health Insurance) covered the majority of deliveries and referrals, highlighting its essential role in facilitating maternal care access. In conclusion, the maternal referral system at Puskesmas Ciawi functions fairly effectively, although strengthening the referral network, logistics, and staff capacity remains necessary. Recommendations include periodic evaluation of the referral system, regular training for healthcare workers, and the optimization of technology-based referral coordination.
maternal, referral, community health center.
The influence of nutrition knowledge, Energy intake and family income level on the nutritional status of the elderly
The elderly are an age group that is vulnerable to health problems, including nutritional problems, due to the physiological and socioeconomic changes that accompany the aging process. Poor nutritional status in the elderly can increase the risk of chronic diseases, reduce quality of life, and burden the family. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that influence nutritional status in the elderly, especially in rural areas. This study aims to analyse the effect of nutritional knowledge, energy consumption, and family income level on the nutritional status of the elderly in Pagongan Village. The study used an observational method with a cross-sectional design and involved 40 elderly respondents who were purposively selected. Data on nutritional knowledge was obtained through a questionnaire, energy intake was calculated based on 24-hour recall, and nutritional status was measured using body mass index (BMI). Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the nutritional status of the elderly. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between nutrition knowledge (p=0.043), energy consumption (p=0.012), and family income (p=0.001) with the nutritional status of the elderly. This study confirms the importance of proper nutrition education and family economic support in maintaining and improving the nutritional status of the elderly in rural communities
Analysis of Factors Associated with Malnutritions Among Children Under Five in East Kalimantan Province: A Secondary Data Study
This study aims to analyze factors associated with malnutrition among children under five in East Kalimantan Province using secondary data from 2021-2023. The dependent variable is the proportion of malnutrition, including underweight, stunting, and wasting. Independent variables include the proportion of low birth weight (LBW), complete basic immunization (CBI) coverage, adolescent pregnancy (<19 years), sanitation access, and poverty rate. Multiple linear regression analysis found that these five variables simultaneously have a significant effect on malnutrition prevalence (p=0.025) with a coefficient of determination of 39.5%. CBI coverage was identified as the most significant predictor of malnutrition (p=0.02). These findings highlight the importance of immunization, prevention of adolescent pregnancy, improved sanitation, and poverty reduction to address malnutrition. The study provides a policy basis for enhancing nutrition intervention programs in the region.
Balancing Medical Knowledge with Behavioral Strategies: Content Characteristics of High-Performing Pediatric Diabetes Videos on Indonesian TikTok
Pediatric diabetes has become rapidly growing, with epidemiological projections indicating that nearly half of children with type 1 diabetes remained undiagnosed globally, while type 2 diabetes prevalence among youth increased more markedly than type 1 diabetes in several regions. This research aimed to conduct a comprehensive content analysis of the fifteen most highly engaged pediatric diabetes educational videos on TikTok within the Indonesian digital landscape over the past six months. The research method employed a quantitative content analysis design conducted on May 28, 2025, analyzing TikTok content using the keyword "diabetes anak" within the Indonesian digital domain. Results showed that documentary content dominated (93.3%), with "Foundational Medical Knowledge" and "Behavioral Health Management" each appearing in 66.7% of videos, while "Optimistic Messaging" and "Self-Efficacy Enhancement" were each present in 60% of content. Word cloud analysis revealed that practical diabetes management terminology such as "insulin," "diabetes," "makanan" (food), and "anak-anak" (children) dominated transcripts. Successful pediatric diabetes educational content on TikTok combined medical accuracy with authentic narratives and empowerment-focused messaging to achieve optimal audience engagement. Keywords: pediatric diabetes, TikTok, content analysis, digital health education
Internet Addiction Behavior among Faculty of Public Health student at Tadulako University
Central Sulawesi ranked the highest mental emotional disorders at the age of> 15 years in all of Indonesia, which was 19.8 per 1000 households. Teens and students were more susceptible to internet addiction due to the duration and daily activities they used. This study aims to analyze internet addiction behavior among student in Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University. This study used a mix method with an explanatory sequential mixed model where researchers conduct quantitative data collection (univariate) (n=198) first, then conduct qualitative (16) with informants selected based on criteria. The data showed that of 198 students, had a mild internet addiction rate (113) medium (80), heavy (1) and normal (4). Internet addiction behavior among students has shown signs of overuse, has an effect on depression, the raises other unhealthy behaviors in daily life. Internet addiction has had a negative impact for student such health and behavior. Health impacts especially for emotional or psychology and other unhealthy behavior.
Representation of KRIS Policy in Indonesian Online Media Reporting: A Qualitative Content Analysis Study of 2025 Pre-Implementation
The JKN standard inpatient class (KRIS) policy provides significant benefits for the Indonesian people, however, the implementation of KRIS in hospitals is a complex process and there are still many challenges that must be faced in the KRIS implementation plan. The determination of the KRIS policy based on Government Regulation Number 47 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of the Hospital Sector Article 84 letter b, will be implemented no later than January 1, 2023. However, the implementation of the BPJS Kesehatan KRIS has been postponed until January 1, 2025 so that hospitals can prepare the 12 standards that must be met when the KRIS service is officially opened in all hospitals in Indonesia. This research is expected explore on how is the pre-implementation policy of KRIS in Indonesia through Indonesian online news portals. This study used a qualitative analysis approach to online news portal content that aims to explain the KRIS policy in Indonesia. The sample of this study is national online media news about the KRIS policy published between January - May 2025. The researcher used the keyword "KRIS" and searched four (4) online news portals. MAXQDA software was also used as a data analysis tool in this study. The features used include Word Cloud and word frequency to understand the main concept. The results show that there are 7 dominant topics in the coverage of well-known online media in Indonesia related to the KRIS policy in Indonesia. The topic of KRIS policy challenges in Indonesia is the most dominant topic with 33 quotes (31%).
Maternal Factors as Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five Years Old: A Systematic Review
Stunting remains a pervasive public health concern, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. The etiology of stunting in toddlers is multifactorial, with one potential causative factor being maternal. The objective of this study is to examine extant studies that are pertinent in identifying maternal factors for the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Indonesia. The present study is a systematic review, meticulously organized according to the PRISMA flowchart method. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using three major electronic databases: Garuda Portal, Pubmed, and Science Direct. The selection of articles was based on the most recent three years of publications, commencing from 2022 to 2025. A total of 2,042 publications were identified through three online databases, and 12 articles were deemed eligible for analysis. The results of the analysis demonstrated that maternal characteristics (i.e., age, education, income, height, nutritional status, parity, and birth spacing) and maternal health conditions during pregnancy (i.e., weight gain, infectious diseases, history of anemia, and chronic energy deficiency) were significantly associated with the incidence of stunting in children under five in Indonesia. Additionally, maternal parenting related to nutrition fulfillment (i.e., exclusive breastfeeding and feeding practices) was associated with the incidence of stunting in children under five in Indonesia.
The Effectiveness of Health Education Using Truth or Dare Cards on Motivation to Maintain Female Reproductive Health at SMKN 14 Samarinda
The lack of personal hygiene habits among adolescent girls can increase the risk of various health problems, particularly those related to the female reproductive system, such as cervical cancer. According to data from the Global Cancer Observatory (2022), there were 662,301 cases of cervical cancer worldwide (14.1%), with 348,874 deaths or approximately 7.1%. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Truth or Dare card media in increasing the motivation of female students at SMKN 14 Samarinda to maintain reproductive health. This research employed a pre-experimental method with a One Group Pretest-Posttest design. A total of 67 students were selected using total sampling. Data analysis using the Wilcoxon test showed an increase in the percentage of students with high motivation from 69.8% to 100%, and positive attitudes from 73% to 96.8% after the intervention. The Truth or Dare card media proved effective in enhancing motivation to maintain reproductive health, with a significance value of ρ = 0.000. It can be concluded that this media positively influences the motivation of female students at SMKN 14 Samarinda.
Patient Education About Drug Side Effects on Compliance in Taking Antihypertension Medication: A Rapid Review
Treatment compliance is a determinant of the success of therapy, especially in the treatment of hypertension. Education is one way that can be done to influence and increase knowledge of the importance of adherence to treatment to achieve successful antihypertensive drug therapy. Objective: to review articles regarding the influence of education about drug side effects and adherence to taking antihypertensive drugs. Method : review . Results: The results of the educational search study influenced knowledge and compliance in taking hypertension medication. There was a significant difference before and after education was provided regarding adherence to taking antihypertensive medication.
Pop-Up Book As A Health Education Media On Smoking Prevention For Elementary School Students
Smoking behavior and smoking-related diseases were global health problems. The prevalence of school-age child smokers in Samarinda city has increased in the last three years. The study aimed to analyze the effect of health education with pop-up book media on knowledge and motivation to prevent smoking in students of SDN 009 Loa Janan Ilir. The type of research was a pre-experimental study with a one group pretest-posttest design. Research intervention was applied through health education with pop-up book media. The research sample was amounted to 67 fifth-grade students of SDN 009 Loa Janan Ilir which determined by total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires. The research data were tested statistically using the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the number of students who had good knowledge increased by 47 people (70.1%) and positive motivation increased by 29 people (46.3%). The results of statistical analysis showed that there was an effect of pop-up book media health education on the knowledge (ρ-value = 0.000) and motivation of respondents (ρ-value = 0.002) about smoking prevention. Pop-up book media was effective as a health education media on smoking prevention for primary students.
Assesment of Healthy Housing Sanitation in Bengkuring Residence Area, North Sempaja Sub-Dictrict, Samarinda City
The home plays an important role as a place of protection and family development to create a healthy physical, mental, and social life. The condition of a clean home that meets health standards can reduce the risk of environmentally-based diseases. Healthy home criteria require the achievement of proper lighting, ventilation, clean water, and adequate sanitation facilities. This study aims to evaluate the sanitation conditions of housing and settlements and conduct an inspection of healthy home criteria in housing areas in Bengkuring. This research method is descriptive, using direct observation and interviews. The research sample consists of 30 households selected through purposive sampling. The results show that of the 30 homes inspected, 47% were categorized as unhealthy. Contributing factors include the location of the homes on swampland, the presence of waste dumps, the use of non-ideal building materials, and homeownership by individuals who are no longer productive. There is a need for more attention to lighting, wastewater disposal, air circulation, and natural light inside the house. Additionally, increasing public understanding and awareness is crucial to creating housing that meets health standards
Instagram Live Interactive Features as a Cutting-Edge Health Communication Tool Examining Literature Review
The digital transformation of health communication has experienced a period of accelerated growth, with social media platforms such as Instagram Live emerging as a particularly innovative feature in the field of health promotion. The objective of the research was to examine health communication strategies based on Instagram Live. The PRISMA literature review methodology, conducted from 2020 to 2024, revealed comprehensive strategies for effective health communication on Instagram Live. These strategies included an optimal duration of 20 to 60 minutes, the selection of attractive and competent moderators and health professionals, the presentation of health topics in alignment with trending issues, the use of clear and research-based content, visually appealing presentations, the archiving of Instagram Live sessions as reels, and the creation of emotional communication spaces through storytelling approaches and strategic hashtag usage. These strategies significantly enhanced health literacy and reduced information disparities in society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Panakeia Journal of Public Health
Modeling The Determinants of Stigma Among Women of Childbearing Age (15-49 Years) Toward People Living With HIV in East Kalimantan Province
The negative stigma attached to people living with HIV/AIDS makes people reluctant to take an HIV test for fear of positive results and fears of rejection by their potential sexual partners. This stigma occurs because of lack of knowledge and mass media/information exposure about HIV/AIDS. The study aimed to obtain a binary logistic regression prediction model and determinant that influence the stigma of eligible women (15-49 years) against people living with HIV/AIDS in East Kalimantan Province. The study used a cross sectional study design and data analysis method with binary logistic regression. This study employed data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2017 with 1096 sample. Study result showed 53% eligible woman had a high stigma. Knowledge and marital status has a significant effect on stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS. The result of Binary Logistic Regression model revealed g(x) = 0.096+ 0.578 (knowledge) – 0.329 (marital status). The model is in accordance with the predictor variables entered into the model, It can explain 3,4 percent diversity and has a 57,2 percent classification accuracy. Therefore are need knowledge improvement and the positive stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS to reduce the stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS
Geo-Spatial Exploration of Tuberculosis in Samarinda Ulu Sub-District, Samarinda City, East Kalimantan
This research investigates the spatial distribution of tuberculosis (TB) cases in Samarinda Ulu, a sub-district with the second-highest percentage of detected TB cases in Samarinda City. Despite the availability of geographic analysis tools, no prior studies have focused on this area. The study uses a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional approach, utilizing secondary data from the TB03-SO form for 2023. The total sample includes 323 TB cases, with Google Maps used to locate case coordinates based on respondents’ addresses. Spatial analysis was conducted using QGIS software with overlay, buffer, and nearest neighbor analysis techniques. Results shows that TB cases in Samarinda Ulu are distributed in a clustered pattern (NNI<1), with clusters forming primarily in densely populated areas. The spatial analysis results also indicate that the majority of TB cases spread through close contact with index cases. Teluk Lerong Ilir Village emerges as a TB "hotspot," with the highest concentration of cases. This study suggests strengthening spatial-based TB surveillance and intensifying control efforts, such as enhancing early detection and promoting community-based health education programs in highly populated areas. This would allow health institutions to better target high-risk regions and improve TB prevention and control strategies.
Social Support and Iron Tablet Supplementation in Adolescents: A Literature Review
Low adherence to consuming iron supplements among adolescent girls increased their risk of anemia. The prevalence of anemia among adolescents in Indonesia rose from 6.90% to 32.0%. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social support and the consumption of iron supplements among adolescent girls in Indonesia. The method used in this article was a literature review, based on articles obtained from the online database Google Scholar. The selected research articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria established by the authors.The inclusion criteria for the literature review were: a quantitative research approach, full-text availability, study location in Indonesia, and articles published between 2020 and 2024. The exclusion criteria were studies targeting populations other than adolescent girls. A total of 15 articles related to social support and adherence to iron supplementation among adolescents were identified.The results of this review showed that social support including school support, friends, family support, and healthcare worker support was correlated with adherence to iron tablet supplementation among adolescent girls. The conclusion was that social support significantly impacted the improvement of adherence to iron tablet supplementation among adolescent girls.
Analysis of Hospital Patient Satisfaction in Indonesia: Systematic Review
Patient satisfaction has been remarkably low in most developing countries leading to competition between private and public health institutions. The satisfaction of clients is one essential factor to success of every organization. It is the aim of the review to analyze hospital patient satisfaction in Indonesia. This study used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis) method. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the following databases: Science Direct, Pub Med, Google Scholar. The period was 2020-2024. It shows that obtained 103 articles with the keyword “hospital” “patient” “satisfaction” “Indonesia”. The articles were filtered based on the suitable of the title, abstract, content, and selected those that met the criteria, so that there were 100 articles that were assessed for suitability. So, there are 6 articles that can be analyzed and discuss about hospital patient satisfaction in Indonesia. Patients generally express satisfaction with service quality, particularly both in private and public hospitals. However, there is room for improvement in public hospitals, especially in terms of responsiveness, attentiveness, and reliability of medical staff.
The Effect of Obesity, Smoking Habits, and Hypertension on the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case Control Study
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global public health problem with increasing prevalence and incidence of kidney failure. About 1 in 10 of the global population experiences chronic kidney failure at some stage. There are several risk factors that are thought to increase the incidence of chronic kidney disease, such as obesity, smoking habits and hypertension. This study aims to determine the influence of obesity, smoking habits and hypertension on the risk of chronic kidney disease. The research design is case control. The research was carried out at Panti Nirmala Hospital Malang with a sample size of 286 respondents, consisting of 143 case groups and 143 controls. Data analysis used the chi-square test. The results of the study showed that hypertension status (p=0.014) had a significant influence on the incidence of chronic kidney disease, while other variables such as obesity (p=0.122) and smoking habits (p=0.077) were not proven to have an influence in causing chronic kidney disease. In the case group, it was discovered that more than half of the respondents stated that they had a smoking habit and suffered from hypertension. It is recommended that people carry out regular health checks and change their lifestyle by not smoking and always controlling their blood pressure to keep it normal.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension, Smoking Habits
Sexual Behavior in Teenagers Who Are Dating (Case Study of Junior High School "X" in Samarinda)
Abstract. Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood estimated at 13-16 years of age. Psychological changes cause sexual urges in adolescents. A reproductive health survey by the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) in 2019, around 92% of adolescents who are dating, hold hands to kiss around 82%, and 63% of adolescents who are dating touch each other. This study aims to determine the sexual behavior of adolescents who are dating at SMP "X" Samarinda City. This research is a qualitative study with a case study research design and a descriptive approach using an in-depth interview method. The sampling technique used a purposive sampling technique which was carried out in Samarinda City on May 25 - July 25, 2023. The results of this study indicate that individual factors in the form of knowledge, attitudes, age and gender influence the sexual behavior of adolescents who are dating. The forms of sexual behavior of adolescents who are dating at SMP "X" Samarinda are holding hands, stroking hair, hugging and kissing.
WHO SRQ-20 Outcomes in Mothers of Children 6-23 Months By Fecal Disposal and Drinking Water Source Factors
Most studies tended to focus on the association of health conditions or tantrum behavior in toddlers with maternal mental health. This study aimed to determine the differences in WHO SRQ-20 scores and the association of WHO SRQ-20 outcomes with fecal disposal factors and drinking water sources. This study used secondary data from RISKESDAS 2018, involving 670 mothers with children aged 6-23 months. The WHO SRQ-20 questionnaire was used to measure general mental health disorders. Mann-Whitney analysis was conducted to determine the difference in scores, while Chi-Square was used to examine the association of WHO SRQ-20 outcomes with toddler feces disposal factors and drinking water sources. All analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0, with a significance value of <0.05. The analysis showed that inappropriate fecal disposal and poor drinking water sources increased the total WHO SRQ-20 score (p=0.003, & p=0.041). Both factors were positively correlated with seven common mental health symptoms in mothers with children aged 6-23 months, including no appetite, difficulty thinking, difficulty making decisions, feelings of fear, trembling hands, and indigestion, with significant p-values (p<0.05) for each symptom. Environmental quality, especially inappropriate fecal disposal and poor drinking water sources, was significantly correlated with increased mental health symptoms among mothers with children aged 6-23 months.
The The Relationship Between Age, Employment Status, Gender, Linezolid Use, and Hiv Status on The Survival Duration of Short-Term Treated MDR-TB Patients
This study evaluated the association of demographic and clinical factors with the survival of drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients undergoing short-term treatment. Using a retrospective cohort design, data were collected from the medical records of 38 MDR-TB patients who received short-term therapy in 2021-2023 at a Central Java hospital. The variables analyzed included age, employment status, gender, Linezolid (Lzd) use, HIV status, and treatment initiation time. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that employment status and gender significantly influenced survival. Patients who were employed had a higher chance of survival than patients who were not employed (Exp(B) = 38.884; p = 0.011). Female patients showed better outcomes than males (Exp(B) = 0.031; p = 0.011). Age showed a weak association with survival, with older age tending to decrease survival although not significantly (p = 0.052). HIV status and timing of early treatment initiation also showed potential to affect survival, but were not significant (p > 0.05). Lzd use showed no significant effect on survival (p = 0.441). This study concludes that occupation and gender are important predictors of survival in MDR-TB patients, while other factors require further research.