Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health
The Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health (MICTOPH) is an annual international conference organized by the Faculty of Public Health (FKM), Universitas Mulawarman. This event serves as a platform to gather and integrate diverse, constructive, and comprehensive ideas, concepts, and perspectives. The outcomes of these discussions and presentations aim to form the foundation for addressing and solving various challenges in the field of public health, particularly those related to tropical regions. Through collaboration and knowledge exchange, MICTOPH strives to contribute to the advancement of public health research and practices.
Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia
PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN AEDES MOSQUITOES IN EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW 2005-2025
Background : Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides remain the primary vector control strategy for Aedes sp. mosquitoes, the principal vectors of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya (1). Understanding regional resistance patterns is crucial for effective vector management programs in endemic areas. Objective : To systematically review and synthesize evidence on pyrethroid insecticide resistance status in Aedes sp. populations in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, from 2005 to 2025. Research Methods : A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (13). Multiple databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Indonesian Publication Index were searched from January 2005 to October 2025. Studies reporting pyrethroid resistance in Aedes sp. from East Kalimantan were included. Data extraction followed PICO framework with quality assessment using modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results : Eight studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing 1,880 mosquitoes from multiple districts. Confirmed pyrethroid resistance was documented in Ae. aegypti populations across the province. Permethrin resistance ratios ranged from 4.08× to 127×, while deltamethrin resistance ranged from 4.37× to 72.20×. Mortality rates were 32.5-78.3% for permethrin and 41.7-82.1% for deltamethrin. High frequencies of kdr mutations (F1534C: 74.6%; V1016G: 69.2%) were detected, with 61.9% showing double mutations. Synergist assays demonstrated significant involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases in resistance mechanisms. Conclusion : High-level pyrethroid resistance is widespread in Aedes aegypti populations throughout East Kalimantan Province, with both target-site and metabolic resistance mechanisms contributing to the phenotype. Current pyrethroid-based vector control strategies are likely compromised, necessitating urgent implementation of insecticide resistance management programs.
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THE IMPACT OF PICTORIAL HEALTH WARNINGS ON SMOKING CESSATION INTENTION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW BASED ON THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
Cigarette consumption in Indonesia remains high, underscoring the need for effective tobacco control strategies such as Pictorial Health Warnings (PHWs). This study aims to analyze the influence of PHWs on the components of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)—attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control—and their subsequent effect on the intention to quit smoking. A systematic Narrative review was conducted using indexed scientific databases, including Scopus, DOAJ, and PubMed, for the period of 2020–2024. The review included three primary studies that met the inclusion criteria and focused on smoking cessation behavior, the TPB framework, and pictorial media as an intervention. The findings consistently demonstrate that graphic visualizations of smoking-related hazards positively influence smokers' attitudes, enhance social awareness (subjective norm), and strengthen perceived behavioral control over quitting. The combination of emotionally compelling imagery and cognitive messaging proved effective in reinforcing quit intentions within the TPB framework. In conclusion, PHWs effectively target the key determinants of behavioral intention outlined in the TPB. An emotionally powerful visual approach significantly boosts smokers' awareness and motivation to quit, affirming the utility of PHWs as a critical public health intervention.
ACCURACY OF VISUAL INSPECTION WITH ACETIC ACID FOR CERVICAL LESIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS
Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) remains widely used for cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income countries, despite ongoing concerns regarding its diagnostic accuracy. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of VIA for detecting high-grade cervical lesions (CIN2+) compared with histopathology. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (2015–October 2025). Eligible studies provided sufficient data to construct 2×2 tables and were assessed using QUADAS-2. A bivariate random-effects model and HSROC analysis were applied. Thirteen studies were included, with five eligible for quantitative synthesis. Sensitivity ranged from 0.25 to 0.92 and specificity from 0.49 to 0.97, indicating substantial heterogeneity. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, mainly in patient selection and flow and timing domains. VIA demonstrates moderate accuracy with variability across populations. Although less sensitive than HPV-based screening, VIA remains a pragmatic option in resource-limited settings, particularly within screen-and-treat strategies, with strengthened training and quality assurance required
AN OVERVIEW OF OUTPATIENT SERVICE QUALITY AT RSIA AISYIYAH SAMARINDA IN 2025
Background: Service quality is a crucial factor for patient satisfaction and loyalty in healthcarefacilities. The Government of Indonesia, through the Minister of Health Decree (Kemenkes) RI Number 129/Menkes/SK/II/2008, has set Minimum Service Standards (SPM) for outpatientsatisfaction at ≥90%. A study in 2024 showed a relationship between service quality and patientsatisfaction at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarinda, and an internal survey report for the January-June 2024 periodindicated that outpatient patient satisfaction was still below the 90% threshold. Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of outpatient service quality at RSIA AisyiyahSamarinda in 2025. Methods: This was a descriptive quantitative study usingaccidental sampling technique, with data collected from 110 respondents (n=110). The service qualityvariable was measured using five dimensions (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance,Empathy). Results: The results showed that the overall average service quality at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarindareached 90.6%, which falls into the “Very Good” category and meets the minimum standards set bythe Ministry of Health (Kemenkes). The dimensions that exceeded the standard were Assurance (92.5%), Empathy (92.1%), and Reliability (91.0%). However, two dimensions remained below the90% threshold, namely Responsiveness (89.3%) and Tangibles (88.0%). Conclusion: The overview of outpatient service quality at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarindain 2025 was categorized as very good
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF CLINICAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES AT THE EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCIAL HEALTH LABORATORY, 2024
The rising incidence of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has become a serious public health concern in Indonesia, yet data on resistance patterns in East Kalimantan, particularly in Samarinda, remain limited. This study aimed to describe antimicrobial resistance patterns among clinical bacterial isolates examined at the East Kalimantan Provincial Health Laboratory (UPTD Labkes) in 2024 through a descriptive observational design using secondary data from culture results and antibiotic susceptibility testing of 201 clinical isolates collected from January to December 2024. Data were analyzed descriptively using tabulation and percentage distribution. Of all positive isolates, 54.4% were Gram-negative bacteria and 45.6% were Gram-positive, with Escherichia coli being the most frequently identified species (24.4%), followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (7.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.0%). Susceptibility testing indicated that E. coli exhibited high sensitivity to meropenem (98%) and amikacin (100%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated oxacillin resistance of 30.8%, suggesting the presence of MRSA. The predominant resistance mechanisms detected included β-lactamase production (21.7%), ESBL (40.6%), and MRSA (37.7%). These findings highlight substantial variability in bacterial susceptibility patterns in Samarinda and provide an essential baseline for strengthening continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance efforts.
THE EFFECT OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS EXTRACT ON HORMONES AND BODY WEIGHT IN ANIMAL MODELS WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common polygenic endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by symptoms of excess androgen hormones, ovulation disorders, and obesity. The polyphenol content in Camellia sinensis extract has been reported to be beneficial in lowering testosterone levels and stabilizing luteinizing hormone production, thereby improving the ovulation process in PCOS patients. Objective: Identify studies that use clinical trials and studies that evaluate Camellia sinensis extract in animal models of PCOS Method: A comprehensive search was conducted on five databases, including SCOPUS, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using SYRCLE’s. Data were analyzed using RevMan 5.4 software. Result: Three studies were included in the meta-analysis, which involved 74 female rats. Compared to the untreated PCOS rat group, managing of Camellia sinensis polyphenols to PCOS rats had a significant effect in reducing testosterone levels (MD = -7.17, 95% CI: -9.96 to -4.39, P < 0.00001, I² = 59%), luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (MD = -4.57, 95% CI: -4.67 to -4.46, P < 0.00001, I² = 15%), and body weight (MD = -40.31, 95% CI: -50.62 to -30.00, P < 0.00001, I² = 0%) indicating high consistency of treatment effects across all included studies. Conclusion: Camellia sinensis polyphenols significantly reduced testosterone, LH, and body weight levels in PCOS mouse models, demonstrating their potential as an effective alternative therapy for polycystic ovary syndrome management.
EFFECT OF ARROWROOT cOOKIES WITH PORANG (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) GLUCOMANNAN ADDITION ON ATHEROGENIC INDEX OF PLASMA IN TYPE 2 DIABETes
Background and aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Arrowroot cookies with porang glucomannan which are rich in dietary fiber may be able to reduce CVD risk in T2D patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cookies consumption for 8 weeks on the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) of T2D patients. Material and method: As many as 24 T2D subjects were recruited from primary health centers in Yogyakarta. The control group (n=12) was given nutrition education, and the intervention group (n=12) was given nutrition education and 5 pieces of cookies (65 grams) as snacks for 8 weeks. AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)], anthropometry, and food intake were measured before (week 0) and after (weeks 8) the study. Results: There was a decrease in AIP in the intervention group from 0.189 to 0.164 (medium-risk of CVD), although it wasn’t significant (p>0.05). On the contrary, the AIP level in the control group increased from 0.075 (low-risk of CVD) to 0.111 (medium-risk of CVD). The AIP changes between groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). There were no changes in anthropometry measures in both groups after the study (p>0.05). We found an increase in dietary fiber intake in both groups (p<0.05), however, it was not significantly different between groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Consumption of 65g arrowroot cookies with porang glucomannan addition for 8 weeks did not significantly affect the AIP in T2D patients. However, it could maintain the AIP level in the intervention group in the medium-risk category.
OVERVIEW OF DYSMENORRHEA SEVERITY AND MANAGEMENT CHOICES AMONG FEMALE MEDICAL STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN: THE 2024 COHORT
Dysmenorrhea is a highly prevalent gynecological complaint that significantly interferes with daily activities. This study aimed to investigate the severity levels of dysmenorrhea and treatment preferences among female medical students from the 2024 cohort at Universitas Mulawarman. A descriptive quantitative design was employed using a questionnaire administered to 50 respondents, with data analyzed through frequency distribution and percentage methods. The results showed that most respondents experienced non-severe dysmenorrhea, with mild pain reported by 46% and moderate pain by 42% of participants; however, dysmenorrhea still disrupted daily activities in 64% of the students. Regarding management strategies, the majority preferred non-pharmacological approaches, particularly relaxation techniques (36%) and drinking mineral water (20%). In conclusion, although dysmenorrhea among the students was generally mild to moderate, management preferences predominantly favored simple, non-pharmacological interventions.
SERVICE QUALITY, PATIENT SATISFACTION, AND LOYALTY IN PRIMARY CARE: POLICY IMPLICATIONS FROM A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Service quality is a key determinant of patient satisfaction and loyalty. While extensive evidence exists in hospital settings, findings in primary care remain fragmented, particularly in contexts undergoing health financing reforms. 1 Objective: This review aims to synthesize empirical evidence on the relationships between SERVQUAL dimensions, patient satisfaction, and patient loyalty in primary care settings. Methods: A narrative review was conducted on 34 primary empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025. Studies examining SERVQUAL dimensions—tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—in relation to satisfaction and loyalty were included. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively, supported by an evidence frequency mapping. Results: Responsiveness, empathy, and tangibles consistently demonstrated strong associations with patient satisfaction. Satisfaction frequently mediated the relationship between service quality and loyalty, whereas direct effects of service quality on loyalty were inconsistent. Reliability and assurance showed variable effects across contexts. Most studies employed cross-sectional designs and SEM-PLS analytical approaches. Conclusion: Evidence supports a service quality–satisfaction–loyalty pathway in primary care. Contextual and financial factors, such as institutional financing models, may moderate these relationships and warrant further investigation using longitudinal and context-sensitive designs.
COMMUNITY SATISFACTION INDEX ON PUBLIC SERVICE PERFORMANCE OF UPTD LABKESDA SAMARINDA
Public service satisfaction surveys are an essential instrument for evaluating the quality and performance of government institutions in delivering public services. The Regional Health Laboratory Unit (UPTD Labkesda) of Samarinda City periodically conducts Community Satisfaction Surveys (CSS) to assess public perceptions, identify strengths and weaknesses in service delivery, and ensure compliance with the service quality standards established under Ministerial Regulation of PANRB No. 14 of 2017 on Guidelines for Conducting Community Satisfaction Surveys. Objective : The study aims to measure the level of community satisfaction with the services provided by UPTD Labkesda Samarinda during the first semester of 2025 and to identify service elements that require improvement to enhance the overall quality and efficiency of public health laboratory services. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative approach was employed using a structured survey method. Respondents rated nine service elements using a four-point Likert scale, and the results were processed to obtain the Community Satisfaction Index (CSI) Results : The survey results show that the Community Satisfaction Index reached 87.28, categorized as “Satisfactory.” This indicates that most respondents perceive the services as effective, professional, and aligned with their expectations. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The findings reveal that UPTD Labkesda Samarinda has successfully maintained a high level of public satisfaction through consistent service quality, competent staff, and adequate facilities. Continuous efforts in staff development, process optimization, and community feedback mechanisms are essential to sustain and further improve service outcomes.
NOT ALL WATER IS EQUAL: THE HIDDEN IMPACT OF DRINKING SOURCES ON MATERNAL HEMOGLOBIN
Water quality is vital for maternal health. In Indonesia, consuming untreated or low-quality water may increase anemia risk in pregnant women. This study examined the relationship between drinking water sources and hemoglobin levels and identified factors influencing water source selection. A cross-sectional study of 72 pregnant women was conducted at Palaran Health Center, Samarinda (Dec 2024–Jan 2025). Data on sociodemographics and drinking water sources were collected via questionnaire, while hemoglobin levels were obtained from laboratory records. Due to non-normal data distribution (p < 0.05), the Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc comparisons was applied. Determinants of water source selection were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Most respondents (76.40%) consumed unboiled refilled gallon water, which was associated with significantly lower hemoglobin levels than bottled or PDAM water (p = 0.002). The logistic model was significant (χ² = 75.233, df = 54, p = 0.030; Nagelkerke R² = 0.811). Significant predictors of water source choice included number of pregnancies, abortion or fetal death history, delivery history, household income, mother’s and husband’s education levels (p < 0.05). Unboiled refilled gallon water consumption is linked to lower hemoglobin levels and higher anemia risk. Reproductive and socioeconomic factors influence water source selection. Education on safe water handling and boiling practices is essential to improve maternal hematologic health.
ADOLESCENT MOTHERS’ NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ANDSTUNTING RISK : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Background: Stunting remains a significant chronic nutritional problem in Indonesia, particularly among children born to adolescent mothers. These young mothers often face limitations in nutritional knowledge, lower health literacy, and suboptimal reproductive preparedness, which collectively increase the risk of stunting in their children. This study aimed to conduct a review to determine the association between adolescent mothers’ nutritional knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers, and to identify the contributing factors. Methods: This was a systematic review conducting following the PRISMA guidelines and utilizing the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework. Articles were collected through searching the Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Crossref databases for studies up to October 2025. Two reviewers independently screened and included full-text article that examined Mothers Knowledge and stunting, focusing on the concept of knowledge, adolescent mother, and stunting. Results: A review included five articles. Adolescent mothers’ knowledge had a significant association with the incidence of stunting. This association was often strengthened by confounding factors such as socio-economic status, low education levels, limited access to healthcare services, and inadequate childcare practices. Several studies found that improving maternal nutritional literacy and initiating early prenatal care can effectively reduce the risk of stunting in children. Conclusions: Low nutritional knowledge among adolescent mothers is confirmed as an important determinant of stunting in toddlers. Intervention efforts need to be focused on enhancing the education and nutritional literacy of adolescent girls through structured programs, including school-based education, adolescent mother classes in community health centers (Puskesmas), and targeted community campaigns. The integrated approach is crucial to break the intergenerational cycle of stunting and foster the development of quality human resources.
INVESTIGATION MANUSCRIPT OF EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS (KLB) FOOD POISONING AT SMPN 4 KINTAMANI SONGAN B VILLAGE, KINTAMANI DISTRICT, BANGLI REGENCY, BALI.
Background: An extraordinary event (KLB) of food poisoning is a public health issue that requires a rapid response. On May 14, 2025, several students at SMPN 4 Kintamani reported experiencing acute symptoms of food poisoning after eating in the school cafeteria. This study aims to identify the source, distribution patterns, and environmental factors influencing the incident. Method: This study used a case-control design with a quantitative approach. Subjects consisted of 16 students as cases (having symptoms of poisoning) and 32 students as controls (without symptoms), selected purposively. Data collection was conducted through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, environmental sanitation observations, and laboratory examination of water samples. Results: Symptoms appeared 1–26 hours after food consumption, indicating a point source pattern. Consumption of scalloped chicken was significantly associated with poisoning (OR = 4.488; p = 0.004; 95% CI: 1.544–13.049). All cases involved consumption of scalloped chicken. Laboratory tests showed drinking water containing Escherichia coli and total coliforms exceeding the threshold. The canteen's unhygienic conditions, proximity to a trash can, and abundance of flies support the possibility of cross-contamination. Conclusion: The outbreak is suspected to have been caused by contaminated chickens, with contributing factors including poor environmental sanitation and unsuitable water quality.
REVIEW OF BASIC IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AT LOK BAHU HEALTH CENTER JANUARI-JULI 2025
Complete basic immunization (CBI) is a priority public health program aimed at preventing Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPDs). This study aimed to review the implementation of CBI services at Lok Bahu Health Center, Samarinda City, during the period of January–July 2025. This research employed a descriptive qualitative design involving key informants (health workers and posyandu cadres) and supporting informants (health center management, pharmacy staff, and parents). Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and review of official records, then analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion verification using source, method, and data triangulation. The findings revealed that at the planning stage, the program was arranged through the Annual Activity Proposal Plan (RUK) and cross-sectoral coordination; however, specific strategies to reach hard-to-reach populations were still limited, community involvement remained suboptimal, and non-vaccine funding relied heavily on cadres’ self-sufficiency. At the implementation stage, the main obstacles included limited health personnel and cadres, delays in vaccine distribution, and community resistance to immunization. From the beneficiaries’ perspective, parents’ time constraints and concerns about vaccine side effects also affected the completeness of child immunization. At the evaluation stage, the Mini Quarterly Workshops functioned as forums for identifying barriers and cross-sectoral follow-up, yet discrepancies persisted between manual recording and the ASIK digital application, alongside reporting delays from posyandu. In conclusion, CBI coverage in the Lok Bahu Health Center working area has not met the national target, influenced by planning, implementation, and evaluation factors that have not been fully integrated. Strengthening cross-sectoral coordination, funding support, stable vaccine distribution, adaptive risk communication, and synchronization of digital recording systems are required to sustainably improve immunization coverage.
DETERMINANTS OF SANITATION AND MENSTRUAL HYGIENE ADHERENCE AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS IN COASTAL NORTH SUMATERA INDONESIA
Service quality is a key determinant of patient satisfaction and loyalty. While extensive evidence exists in hospital settings, findings in primary care remain fragmented, particularly in contexts undergoing health financing reforms. This review aims to synthesize empirical evidence on the relationships between SERVQUAL dimensions, patient satisfaction, and patient loyalty in primary care settings. Methods: A narrative review was conducted on 34 primary empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025. Studies examining SERVQUAL dimensions—tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—in relation to satisfaction and loyalty were included. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively, supported by an evidence frequency mapping. Responsiveness, empathy, and tangibles consistently demonstrated strong associations with patient satisfaction. Satisfaction frequently mediated the relationship between service quality and loyalty, whereas direct effects of service quality on loyalty were inconsistent. Reliability and assurance showed variable effects across contexts. Most studies employed cross sectional designs and SEM-PLS analytical approaches. Evidence supports a service quality–satisfaction loyalty pathway in primary care. Contextual and financial factors, such as institutional financing models, may moderate these relationships and warrant further investigation using longitudinal and context-sensitive designs.
STRATEGIES AND DETERMINANTS INFLUENCING CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING PARTICIPATION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE
Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the availability of effective screening methods such as Pap smear and HPV testing, participation rates remain suboptimal due to various social, cultural, and systemic barriers. This study aims to identify effective strategies and key determinants influencing women’s participation in cervical cancer screening across diverse cultural and geographical contexts. A narrative synthesis of 12 peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2025 was conducted. Articles were selected based on relevance to cervical cancer screening, including randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional surveys, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Key themes were extracted and analyzed for trends, effectiveness of interventions, and associated factors. Educational interventions, including empowerment programs and narrative media approaches, significantly increased screening knowledge and participation (p < 0.05). Opt-out invitation systems and community-based outreach campaigns demonstrated higher uptake compared with routine invitations. However, substantial gaps persist, particularly among rural and low-income women, due to limited awareness, fear, and cultural stigma. Factors such as education, income, age, parity, and contraceptive use were consistently associated with screening participation. The conclusion of this study is that integrated strategies combining education, community empowerment, and opt-out systems effectively enhance cervical cancer screening uptake. Addressing sociocultural and economic barriers through context-specific public health interventions is essential. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the sustainability of these approaches in improving screening behavior.
Study of the Prevalence and Determinants of Stunting Based on SSGI 2024 Data in East Kalimantan
Background : Stunting remains one of the major public health issues in Indonesia, particularly among children under five. The decline in stunting prevalence nationally shows a positive trend, but challenges remain at the regional level, including in East Kalimantan. Objective : This study aims to analyze trends in stunting prevalence and its determinants in East Kalimantan, using data from the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI), to inform regional policy interventions. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The method used is a descriptive, quantitative approach with a comparative analysis of national data Results : The results indicate that all districts/cities in East Kalimantan reported stunting prevalence rates above the national average in 2024, except for Kutai Kartanegara. Factors such as the high incidence of closely spaced pregnancies, low participation in prenatal classes, the proportion of babies born with low birth weight and short birth length (LBW and SBL), the quality of complementary feeding (MPASI), low consumption of iron tablets among pregnant women, limited coverage of vitamin A supplementation, low public awareness about stunting, suboptimal performance of family assistance teams, adequate sanitation and drinking water are believed to contribute to the high prevalence in East Kalimantan. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : These findings underscore the importance of sustainable, specific, and sensitive nutrition interventions, as well as a multisectoral approach involving families and communities. This study is expected to serve as a reference for local governments in developing evidence-based policies to accelerate stunting reduction in East Kalimantan.
TERAS LANSIA: Interactive Education and Use of Herbal Drinks for Hypertension Management
Background : Hypertension is a common non-communicable disease among the elderly, but it often goes undetected early due to lack of knowledge and adherence to treatment. This community service program aims to improve the elderly's understanding and skills in self- managing hypertension through an educational and demonstrative approach. The activity was carried out at the Kenanga 2 Integrated Service Post (Posyandu), Loa Pari Village, involving 52 elderly participants. The implementation method included elderly exercise, blood pressure and BMI checks, a pre-test, interactive counseling on hypertension and drug myths, and a demonstration of making herbal drinks from local ingredients such as ginger, lemongrass, cinnamon, honey, and cucumber. Evaluation was carried out through a post-test and direct observation of participants' practice. The results showed an increase in participants' knowledge scores from a pre-test average of 79.22 to 93.45 in the post-test, with a paired t-test result of p = 0.011. This activity demonstrates that educational and practical interventions can improve elderly health literacy and serve as an additional strategy in sustainable hypertension control. Objective : This community service program aims to improve the elderly's understanding and skills in managing hypertension independently through an educational and demonstrative approach. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : During the implementation phase, the elderly first took a pre-test in the form of true or false questions using interactive red and blue paper media. The pre-test was conducted in a structured manner and guided by a facilitator to make it easier for the elderly to understand. Then, a health check is carried out by health workers to determine the current health condition of the elderly, especially those who are at risk of hypertension. This stage also provided important information to the elderly about the need to monitor their blood pressure regularly. After the examination, a health education session on hypertension was held, with information delivered interactively by health experts using visual aids and language that was easy to understand. The counseling covers the definition of hypertension, normal and high blood pressure limits, the causes of hypertension, the dangers and symptoms of hypertension, as well as its treatment and management. In addition, the counseling also covers the types of hypertension medications and their effects and side effects, myths and facts about hypertension medications, the benefits of taking medication regularly, and strategies for establishing a medication routine. Furthermore, the elderly participated in a demonstration on making herbal drinks using natural ingredients such as ginger, lemongrass, cinnamon, and honey, as well as cucumber and honey. This demonstration was conducted with the aim of introducing healthy beverage options that can be consumed regularly by the elderly to help control blood pressure. From this activity, the elderly are expected to be able to imitate and apply it themselves at home.
Descriptive Study of Waste Management, Sanitation, and Environmental Factors Affecting Mosquito Breeding in Karang Tunggal Village
Background : Environmental health in Rejo Sari Hamlet, Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, particularly in RT 05, 06, 07, and 17, remains suboptimal due to the accumulation of inorganic waste, the habit of burning garbage, and limited sanitation facilities such as proper latrines and drainage systems. This condition is exacerbated by the low utilization of mosquito- repellent plants, poor household ventilation, and high humidity that supports the breeding of Aedes aegyptimosquitoes, the vector of dengue fever. Objective : To identify and analyze the environmental health conditions in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, focusing on waste management, sanitation, and environmental factors contributing to the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employed a descriptive survey method with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected through direct environmental observations, interviews with residents and community leaders, and questionnaires related to waste management, sanitation facilities, and community hygiene behavior. The data were analyzed descriptively to obtain a comprehensive overview of the environmental health conditions. Results : The findings revealed the accumulation of inorganic waste due to the lack of waste collection facilities and inadequate household waste management. Sanitation conditions were also substandard, with poor ventilation and high humidity supporting mosquito breeding. Interviews showed that 81.7% of respondents still burned household waste, while 78.9% used window screens as a preventive measure against vector-borne diseases. Prior to the educational intervention, most residents were unfamiliar with the 5R concept; however, after the activity, knowledge and understanding of waste segregation and recycling practices improved significantly. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Environmental health conditions in Karang Tunggal Village remain a significant concern, particularly in waste management and mosquito control. Focused interventions on improving sanitation facilities, enhancing community education on waste management, increasing household ventilation, and promoting the use of mosquito-repellent plants are essential to improve environmental quality and prevent disease transmission.
Mumps Disease Education For Students at Al-Abqory Islamic Boarding School
Background : Mumps is an infectious disease that affects the parotid glands and is caused by the Paramyxovirus. Mumps can spread easily through droplet transmission. Many students at Al Abqory Islamic Boarding School have experienced mumps due to transmission from fellow students. The lack of knowledge about how to manage and prevent mumps has further worsened this condition Objective : The PINTAR GONZINI (Early Recognition and Response to Mumps Risk) program aims to enhance students' knowledge about mumps, enabling them to understand the necessary steps for managing and preventing the transmission of the disease. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The methodology employed in this activity consisted of health education delivered through lectures and utilizing several media, such as PowerPoint and leaflets. A total of 69 junior high school students from grades VII to IX participated in the implementation of this activity. Results : The results of the pre-test and post-test scores showed a significant increase in knowledge regarding mumps and the steps for its management and prevention. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The findings of this activity indicate that health education methods are effective in improving students' knowledge regarding mumps
Water Saver Heroes: Community Solutions for Clean Water and Sustainable Sanitation in Loa Ulung Village
Background : Access to clean water and adequate sanitation practices are essential in preventing environment-related diseases. However, awareness among communities in rural regarding water quality remains limited. Therefore, community-based interventions are needed to improve clean water literacy and healthy sanitation behaviors in Loa Ulung Village, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. Objective : The Water Saver Heroes program aims to increase community knowledge and skills regarding clean water criteria and the application of simple water filtration technologies using local materials. This program also encourages young people to play role as agents of sustainable education. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The method used was a pre-post test design inlving 27 participants. Participants received instruction through interactive lectures, demonstrations on making simple water filters, group discussions, and educational media. Changes in participants' understanding were evaluated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to measure the effectiveness of the education. Results : No participants had a decrease in their scores. There were 26 participants whose scores increased in knowledge (mean rank = 13.50, total ranking = 351.00), and 1 participant did not experience any change. These findings indicate that the education provided was successful in improving participants' understanding of the importance of clean water and how to make water filters. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The Water Saver Heroes program has proven effective in increasing community knowledge, skills, and awareness about clean water and sanitation. In addition, this program demonstrates the important role of youth as agents of sustainable change in the community, who can serve as models for similar programs in other areas.
Assessing the Efficiency of Plastic Waste Management at Universitas Gadjah Mada Academic Hospital
Background : Plastic waste from infusion bottles and hemodialysis solution containers constitutes a major component of hospital-generated hazardous waste (B3). Effective management of this material is essential to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable hospital practices. The Universitas Gadjah Mada Academic Hospital (RSA UGM) has implemented a systematic approach to optimize its handling and utilization. Objective : This study aims to evaluate the utilization and effectiveness of managing infusion bottle waste and used hemodialysis solution containers at RSA UGM in terms of cost efficiency and microbial reduction. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This descriptive observational study applied a cross- sectional design. Primary data were obtained through observation and in-depth interviews, while secondary data were collected from hospital documents. Data collection was conducted between September and November 2021. The analysis focused on process efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and microbiological safety. Results : From January 2020 to October 2021, RSA UGM produced 16,467.17 kg of infusion and hemodialysis plastic waste, consisting of 76% infusion bottles and 24% jerrycans. The management process involved segregation, washing, chlorine disinfection, shredding, and licensed disposal. Microbial analysis indicated a substantial decrease in contamination levels—from 1.2×104 cfu/g before to 2.2×102 cfu/g after decontamination. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The waste management system implemented at RSA UGM demonstrated microbiological effectiveness, indicating that structured handling and recycling of medical plastic waste can significantly support environmentally sustainable healthcare operations.
POSMEDIA: A Conceptual Model for Digital Health Promotion and Posyandu Cadre Empowerment Using ToC
Background : Maternal and child health remains a crucial indicator of national welfare, yet promotional efforts at the community level are often hindered by limited digital literacy among posyandu cadres. Despite the growing role of social media as an effective channel for health communication, most cadres lack the skills to produce and disseminate engaging educational content. Objective : This conceptual paper aims to propose POSMEDIA (Posyandu Melek Media) as an innovative model for enhancing the digital capacity of posyandu cadres through social media-based health promotion using the Theory of Change (ToC) framework. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study adopts a conceptual design by integrating the Theory of Change and the ADDIE instructional development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The model emphasizes a systematic and measurable process to improve cadres’ digital competence and community engagement in maternal and child health promotion. Results : The conceptual framework of POSMEDIA outlines a logical progression from digital literacy enhancement to sustainable social transformation. The model identifies key stages capacity building, content creation, social media engagement, and behavioral outcomes leading to a measurable increase in health communication effectiveness at the community level. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : POSMEDIA provides a theoretically grounded and adaptable framework for empowering posyandu cadres as digital health educators. It contributes to both academic discourse and practical implementation of health communication strategies, supporting the transformation of posyandu into digital-based community health information centers.
Assessment of Housing Conditions and Clean Water Sources as Determinants of Environmental Health in Rural Areas of Tenggarong Seberang District, Indonesia
Background : Community health status is strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly housing conditions and access to clean water. Poor environmental quality increases the risk of environmentally related diseases such as diarrhea, skin infections, and acute respiratory infections (ARI). Objective : This study aimed to assess the physical quality of houses and sources of clean water as a basis for improving environmental health in rural areas. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A quantitative descriptive design with univariate analysis was employed in Bukit Pariaman Village, Suka Sari Hamlet, Tenggarong Seberang District. Data were collected through field observation, structured interviews, and questionnaires involving 57 household heads. Results : Findings revealed that 84.2% of houses had adequate ventilation and 73.7% had permanent walls, whereas 26.3% lacked sufficient natural lighting. Approximately 96.5% of households accessed clean water through piped water systems; however, 33.3% stored water in uncovered containers and 12.3% had wells located less than 10 meters from septic tanks, posing contamination risks. In addition, 70.2% of households owned private latrines, while 29.8% used shared facilities. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Most households met the criteria for healthy housing, yet improvements are needed in lighting, water source distance, and water storage practices to minimize the risk of environmentally related diseases.
Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Technical Guidance on Improving the Knowledge of OHS Personnel
Background : One of the requirements for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in the workplace is the availability of competent personnel who possess authority in managing workplace environmental safety. Technical guidance is an important strategy to strengthen personnel competency, yet its effectiveness must be evaluated systematically. Objective : To analyze the effectiveness of OHS technical guidance using the Kirkpatrick Model level 2 evaluation. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : This descriptive-analytical study employed a one- group pre-test post-test design. Pre-test assessments were conducted before participants received the training materials, followed by post-test assessments afterward. A total sampling technique was used, involving 25 participants of the OHS Technical Guidance for the Workplace Environment organized by Balai K3 Samarinda on October 21–24, 2025. Results : Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, indicating an improvement in participants’ knowledge following the training sessions. Conclusion / Lesson Learned : The OHS Technical Guidance for the Workplace Environment was effective in improving participant knowledge and was successfully implemented with a well- executed training process.
Use of MRI Image Recording of the Recitation of Surah al-Fatihah Towards the Makhraj of Letters: A Study on Quran Teachers at Kelantan Islamic Foundation School
Background : Surah al-Fatihah is one of the earliest and simplest surahs recited in Muslim prayers, and is widely used by Quran teachers to teach the accurate articulation and makhraj of Hijaiyyah letters. However, in Malaysia, the application of medical devices to study anatomical movements during Quranic recitation remains limited. Objective : To determine the level of knowledge among Quran teachers from selected Islamic schools in Malaysia and assess the suitability of using MRI image recordings to teach makhraj of letters based on the Integration of Naqli and Aqli (INAQ) approach. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : A total of 40 Islamic schools will be selected through convenience sampling involving an estimated 120 Quran teachers. The study adopts a mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative data. MRI recordings used in this study were developed collaboratively by researchers at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Results : The study is expected to demonstrate that MRI image recordings can serve as an effective and innovative teaching aid to enhance Quranic instruction, particularly in articulating correct makhraj of letters. Conclusion / Lesson Learned : Findings are anticipated to support the use of MRI image recordings as a classroom teaching tool for Quran teachers in various schools. The technique also has the potential to be expanded to the Islamic Education Division (BPI), Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM).
Refractive Errors and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Malaysian Children from Low-Income Families: V4E 2023 Findings
Background : Refractive errors are a leading cause of childhood visual impairment, with children from low-income families facing substantial barriers to eye care that often result in delayed diagnosis and correction. The Vision for Education (V4E) Program was established to improve refractive error management by providing free corrective glasses to underprivileged Malaysian children. Objective : To describe sociodemographic characteristics and types of refractive errors among children and adolescents from low-income families participating in the V4E program. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : This retrospective observational study analyzed data from 1,418 participants aged 0–17 years collected through the V4E database. Screenings were conducted across 66 centres—including schools, public hospitals, and university hospitals—in 14 Malaysian states. Demographic variables included age, gender, number of dependents, and household income. Refractive errors were categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Results : The mean age was 10.0 ± 3.8 years, with balanced gender distribution (51% male; 49% female). The mean household income was RM2,713, with primary and secondary incomes averaging RM1,300 each. Most participants were from Kuala Lumpur (21%), Negeri Sembilan (21%), and Sabah (14%). Mild refractive error was the most common diagnosis (34%), followed by moderate (11%) and severe (<2%). Astigmatism was the most prevalent condition (64%), followed by myopia (38.4%) and hyperopia (24.6%). Conclusion / Lesson Learned : The V4E program successfully reached underserved children across Malaysia and identified a considerable burden of correctable refractive errors. These findings highlight the need for sustained, equitable vision screening and subsidized optical correction to support educational access among socioeconomically disadvantaged children.
The Relationship Between Mental Health Disorders and Smoking Behavior in Company X
Background : The WHO study indicates that over 1.1 billion people globally consumed tobacco in 2023, with significantly higher rates among men than women. Furthermore, the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) statistics from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2023 revealed that approximately 14 million adults aged 15 years and older, constituting 6% of Indonesia's population, suffer from symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression are closely associated with smoking behavior, as higher levels of depression correlate with increased smoking tendencies, and conversely, lower levels of depression correspond with decreased smoking tendencies. Workplace- related depression stemming from job stress, fatigue due to work, and reduced anxiety from work fatigue that affects sleep and concentration difficulties can lead to continuous consumption of cigarettes. Objective : The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between mental health disorders and smoking behavior at Company X Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employs a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were gathered using a questionnaire. The population for this study consists of employees at Company X, with a sample size of 90 respondents selected through accidental sampling. The instruments utilized in this research include the PHQ-9 (measuring depression levels) and GAD-7 (assessing anxiety levels). Statistical analysis for this study involves Spearman's rank correlation test. Results : The Spearman rank correlation calculation yielded a significant value (Sig.) = 0.000 (p value ≤ 0.05), indicating highly significant data. Therefore, H1 is accepted, suggesting a relationship between smoking behavior and mental disorders among employees at Company X. Additionally, the Spearman rank analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.804, indicating a positive correlation Conclusion/Lesson Learned: Based on the research findings, there exists a relationship between mental disorders and smoking behavior among employees at Company X. Increased smoking correlates with higher levels of depression and anxiety. Future research could further develop by employing different research designs, varying independent variables, and expanding the sample size, thereby advancing research in the field of mental health.
Description of Community Satisfaction at Puskesmas Lok Bahu During The Implementation of Primary Care Integration
Background : In January 2025, the Mayor's decree designated all Community Health Center in Samarinda as Primary Health Service Integration Implementers. The initiative aims offer comprehensive services the encompass all stage of life, from infancy to the erderly. It is expected that change will improve the quality of care and enhance community satisfaction. Puskesmas Lok Bahu measures satisfaction through the Community Satisfaction Survey in accordance with Permenpan No.14 of 2017. Over the past three years, satisfaction scores have shown some variation but have consistenly remain in the very good category. Objective : This reasearch aims to describe community satisfaction at Puskesmas Lok Bahu during the implementation of primary care integration. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This reasearch employs a descriptive method, utilizing secondary data collected from a community satisfaction survey in first semester of 2025 from 398 respondents at Puskesmas Lok Bahu Results : The Community Satisfaction Index stands of 89. The lowest score was related to serviced periode, which received at rating of 3.435, while the highest score were for handling complaints from service users and service rates, both of which scored 3.857. A notable issue with service timing was identified due to an insufficient number of medical personnel in relation to patient visits, the center had only two doctors, and one of whom also served as the head of Puskesmas Conclusion/Lesson Learned : It is recommended to consider the addition of medical personnel and to enhance the queuing system along with information technology solutions to effectively redice patient wait times.
Gambaran Realisasi Belanja Dana BOK Puskesmas Air Putih Kota Samarinda: Tinjauan Efektivitas dan Pemanfaatan Anggaran-- (Analysis of the Health Operational Assistance (BOK) Fund Realization at Puskesmas Air Putih, Samarinda : An Evaluation of Effectivene
Background :Health is a fundamental right guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and has become a national development priority under the 2020–2024 (RPJMN). One of the government’s key health financing policies to strengthen primary health services is the Health Operational Assistance Fund (BOK) Objective :To provide a quantitative overview of the expenditure realization of the BOK Fund at Puskesmas Air Putih Samarinda in 2024 and to evaluate the effectiveness and utilization of the budget based on the principles of effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accountability as stipulated in the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 18/2024. The study employed a descriptive method with secondary data analysis sourced from BOK financial realization reports for 2022–2024 Research Methods/ Implementation Methods :The study employed a descriptive method with secondary data analysis sourced from BOK financial realization reports for 2022–2024 Results :The findings show the average realization rate of the BOK budget over the past three years reached 88.9%, with a decline in 2024 to 82%, despite a significant increase in the total allocation. The pattern of fund absorption was uneven, with most expenditures occurring in the fourth quarter. Analysis based on George R. Terry’s (1972) POAC theory (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling) identified issues in data-based planning, suboptimal intersectoral organization, inconsistent implementation, and reactive supervision Conclusion :The effectiveness of BOK management is influenced by misalignment among managerial functions; therefore, strengthening performance-based planning and monitoring is required to support the transformation of primary health services at the Puskesmas