Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health
The Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health (MICTOPH) is an annual international conference organized by the Faculty of Public Health (FKM), Universitas Mulawarman. This event serves as a platform to gather and integrate diverse, constructive, and comprehensive ideas, concepts, and perspectives. The outcomes of these discussions and presentations aim to form the foundation for addressing and solving various challenges in the field of public health, particularly those related to tropical regions. Through collaboration and knowledge exchange, MICTOPH strives to contribute to the advancement of public health research and practices.
Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia
Study of the Prevalence and Determinants of Stunting Based on SSGI 2024 Data in East Kalimantan
Background : Stunting remains one of the major public health issues in Indonesia, particularly among children under five. The decline in stunting prevalence nationally shows a positive trend, but challenges remain at the regional level, including in East Kalimantan. Objective : This study aims to analyze trends in stunting prevalence and its determinants in East Kalimantan, using data from the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI), to inform regional policy interventions. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The method used is a descriptive, quantitative approach with a comparative analysis of national data Results : The results indicate that all districts/cities in East Kalimantan reported stunting prevalence rates above the national average in 2024, except for Kutai Kartanegara. Factors such as the high incidence of closely spaced pregnancies, low participation in prenatal classes, the proportion of babies born with low birth weight and short birth length (LBW and SBL), the quality of complementary feeding (MPASI), low consumption of iron tablets among pregnant women, limited coverage of vitamin A supplementation, low public awareness about stunting, suboptimal performance of family assistance teams, adequate sanitation and drinking water are believed to contribute to the high prevalence in East Kalimantan. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : These findings underscore the importance of sustainable, specific, and sensitive nutrition interventions, as well as a multisectoral approach involving families and communities. This study is expected to serve as a reference for local governments in developing evidence-based policies to accelerate stunting reduction in East Kalimantan.
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TERAS LANSIA: Interactive Education and Use of Herbal Drinks for Hypertension Management
Background : Hypertension is a common non-communicable disease among the elderly, but it often goes undetected early due to lack of knowledge and adherence to treatment. This community service program aims to improve the elderly's understanding and skills in self- managing hypertension through an educational and demonstrative approach. The activity was carried out at the Kenanga 2 Integrated Service Post (Posyandu), Loa Pari Village, involving 52 elderly participants. The implementation method included elderly exercise, blood pressure and BMI checks, a pre-test, interactive counseling on hypertension and drug myths, and a demonstration of making herbal drinks from local ingredients such as ginger, lemongrass, cinnamon, honey, and cucumber. Evaluation was carried out through a post-test and direct observation of participants' practice. The results showed an increase in participants' knowledge scores from a pre-test average of 79.22 to 93.45 in the post-test, with a paired t-test result of p = 0.011. This activity demonstrates that educational and practical interventions can improve elderly health literacy and serve as an additional strategy in sustainable hypertension control. Objective : This community service program aims to improve the elderly's understanding and skills in managing hypertension independently through an educational and demonstrative approach. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : During the implementation phase, the elderly first took a pre-test in the form of true or false questions using interactive red and blue paper media. The pre-test was conducted in a structured manner and guided by a facilitator to make it easier for the elderly to understand. Then, a health check is carried out by health workers to determine the current health condition of the elderly, especially those who are at risk of hypertension. This stage also provided important information to the elderly about the need to monitor their blood pressure regularly. After the examination, a health education session on hypertension was held, with information delivered interactively by health experts using visual aids and language that was easy to understand. The counseling covers the definition of hypertension, normal and high blood pressure limits, the causes of hypertension, the dangers and symptoms of hypertension, as well as its treatment and management. In addition, the counseling also covers the types of hypertension medications and their effects and side effects, myths and facts about hypertension medications, the benefits of taking medication regularly, and strategies for establishing a medication routine. Furthermore, the elderly participated in a demonstration on making herbal drinks using natural ingredients such as ginger, lemongrass, cinnamon, and honey, as well as cucumber and honey. This demonstration was conducted with the aim of introducing healthy beverage options that can be consumed regularly by the elderly to help control blood pressure. From this activity, the elderly are expected to be able to imitate and apply it themselves at home.
Descriptive Study of Waste Management, Sanitation, and Environmental Factors Affecting Mosquito Breeding in Karang Tunggal Village
Background : Environmental health in Rejo Sari Hamlet, Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, particularly in RT 05, 06, 07, and 17, remains suboptimal due to the accumulation of inorganic waste, the habit of burning garbage, and limited sanitation facilities such as proper latrines and drainage systems. This condition is exacerbated by the low utilization of mosquito- repellent plants, poor household ventilation, and high humidity that supports the breeding of Aedes aegyptimosquitoes, the vector of dengue fever. Objective : To identify and analyze the environmental health conditions in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, focusing on waste management, sanitation, and environmental factors contributing to the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employed a descriptive survey method with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected through direct environmental observations, interviews with residents and community leaders, and questionnaires related to waste management, sanitation facilities, and community hygiene behavior. The data were analyzed descriptively to obtain a comprehensive overview of the environmental health conditions. Results : The findings revealed the accumulation of inorganic waste due to the lack of waste collection facilities and inadequate household waste management. Sanitation conditions were also substandard, with poor ventilation and high humidity supporting mosquito breeding. Interviews showed that 81.7% of respondents still burned household waste, while 78.9% used window screens as a preventive measure against vector-borne diseases. Prior to the educational intervention, most residents were unfamiliar with the 5R concept; however, after the activity, knowledge and understanding of waste segregation and recycling practices improved significantly. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Environmental health conditions in Karang Tunggal Village remain a significant concern, particularly in waste management and mosquito control. Focused interventions on improving sanitation facilities, enhancing community education on waste management, increasing household ventilation, and promoting the use of mosquito-repellent plants are essential to improve environmental quality and prevent disease transmission.
Mumps Disease Education For Students at Al-Abqory Islamic Boarding School
Background : Mumps is an infectious disease that affects the parotid glands and is caused by the Paramyxovirus. Mumps can spread easily through droplet transmission. Many students at Al Abqory Islamic Boarding School have experienced mumps due to transmission from fellow students. The lack of knowledge about how to manage and prevent mumps has further worsened this condition Objective : The PINTAR GONZINI (Early Recognition and Response to Mumps Risk) program aims to enhance students' knowledge about mumps, enabling them to understand the necessary steps for managing and preventing the transmission of the disease. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The methodology employed in this activity consisted of health education delivered through lectures and utilizing several media, such as PowerPoint and leaflets. A total of 69 junior high school students from grades VII to IX participated in the implementation of this activity. Results : The results of the pre-test and post-test scores showed a significant increase in knowledge regarding mumps and the steps for its management and prevention. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The findings of this activity indicate that health education methods are effective in improving students' knowledge regarding mumps
Water Saver Heroes: Community Solutions for Clean Water and Sustainable Sanitation in Loa Ulung Village
Background : Access to clean water and adequate sanitation practices are essential in preventing environment-related diseases. However, awareness among communities in rural regarding water quality remains limited. Therefore, community-based interventions are needed to improve clean water literacy and healthy sanitation behaviors in Loa Ulung Village, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. Objective : The Water Saver Heroes program aims to increase community knowledge and skills regarding clean water criteria and the application of simple water filtration technologies using local materials. This program also encourages young people to play role as agents of sustainable education. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The method used was a pre-post test design inlving 27 participants. Participants received instruction through interactive lectures, demonstrations on making simple water filters, group discussions, and educational media. Changes in participants' understanding were evaluated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to measure the effectiveness of the education. Results : No participants had a decrease in their scores. There were 26 participants whose scores increased in knowledge (mean rank = 13.50, total ranking = 351.00), and 1 participant did not experience any change. These findings indicate that the education provided was successful in improving participants' understanding of the importance of clean water and how to make water filters. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The Water Saver Heroes program has proven effective in increasing community knowledge, skills, and awareness about clean water and sanitation. In addition, this program demonstrates the important role of youth as agents of sustainable change in the community, who can serve as models for similar programs in other areas.
Assessing the Efficiency of Plastic Waste Management at Universitas Gadjah Mada Academic Hospital
Background : Plastic waste from infusion bottles and hemodialysis solution containers constitutes a major component of hospital-generated hazardous waste (B3). Effective management of this material is essential to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable hospital practices. The Universitas Gadjah Mada Academic Hospital (RSA UGM) has implemented a systematic approach to optimize its handling and utilization. Objective : This study aims to evaluate the utilization and effectiveness of managing infusion bottle waste and used hemodialysis solution containers at RSA UGM in terms of cost efficiency and microbial reduction. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This descriptive observational study applied a cross- sectional design. Primary data were obtained through observation and in-depth interviews, while secondary data were collected from hospital documents. Data collection was conducted between September and November 2021. The analysis focused on process efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and microbiological safety. Results : From January 2020 to October 2021, RSA UGM produced 16,467.17 kg of infusion and hemodialysis plastic waste, consisting of 76% infusion bottles and 24% jerrycans. The management process involved segregation, washing, chlorine disinfection, shredding, and licensed disposal. Microbial analysis indicated a substantial decrease in contamination levels—from 1.2×104 cfu/g before to 2.2×102 cfu/g after decontamination. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The waste management system implemented at RSA UGM demonstrated microbiological effectiveness, indicating that structured handling and recycling of medical plastic waste can significantly support environmentally sustainable healthcare operations.
POSMEDIA: A Conceptual Model for Digital Health Promotion and Posyandu Cadre Empowerment Using ToC
Background : Maternal and child health remains a crucial indicator of national welfare, yet promotional efforts at the community level are often hindered by limited digital literacy among posyandu cadres. Despite the growing role of social media as an effective channel for health communication, most cadres lack the skills to produce and disseminate engaging educational content. Objective : This conceptual paper aims to propose POSMEDIA (Posyandu Melek Media) as an innovative model for enhancing the digital capacity of posyandu cadres through social media-based health promotion using the Theory of Change (ToC) framework. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study adopts a conceptual design by integrating the Theory of Change and the ADDIE instructional development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The model emphasizes a systematic and measurable process to improve cadres’ digital competence and community engagement in maternal and child health promotion. Results : The conceptual framework of POSMEDIA outlines a logical progression from digital literacy enhancement to sustainable social transformation. The model identifies key stages capacity building, content creation, social media engagement, and behavioral outcomes leading to a measurable increase in health communication effectiveness at the community level. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : POSMEDIA provides a theoretically grounded and adaptable framework for empowering posyandu cadres as digital health educators. It contributes to both academic discourse and practical implementation of health communication strategies, supporting the transformation of posyandu into digital-based community health information centers.
Assessment of Housing Conditions and Clean Water Sources as Determinants of Environmental Health in Rural Areas of Tenggarong Seberang District, Indonesia
Background : Community health status is strongly influenced by environmental factors, particularly housing conditions and access to clean water. Poor environmental quality increases the risk of environmentally related diseases such as diarrhea, skin infections, and acute respiratory infections (ARI). Objective : This study aimed to assess the physical quality of houses and sources of clean water as a basis for improving environmental health in rural areas. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A quantitative descriptive design with univariate analysis was employed in Bukit Pariaman Village, Suka Sari Hamlet, Tenggarong Seberang District. Data were collected through field observation, structured interviews, and questionnaires involving 57 household heads. Results : Findings revealed that 84.2% of houses had adequate ventilation and 73.7% had permanent walls, whereas 26.3% lacked sufficient natural lighting. Approximately 96.5% of households accessed clean water through piped water systems; however, 33.3% stored water in uncovered containers and 12.3% had wells located less than 10 meters from septic tanks, posing contamination risks. In addition, 70.2% of households owned private latrines, while 29.8% used shared facilities. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Most households met the criteria for healthy housing, yet improvements are needed in lighting, water source distance, and water storage practices to minimize the risk of environmentally related diseases.
Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Technical Guidance on Improving the Knowledge of OHS Personnel
Background : One of the requirements for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in the workplace is the availability of competent personnel who possess authority in managing workplace environmental safety. Technical guidance is an important strategy to strengthen personnel competency, yet its effectiveness must be evaluated systematically. Objective : To analyze the effectiveness of OHS technical guidance using the Kirkpatrick Model level 2 evaluation. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : This descriptive-analytical study employed a one- group pre-test post-test design. Pre-test assessments were conducted before participants received the training materials, followed by post-test assessments afterward. A total sampling technique was used, involving 25 participants of the OHS Technical Guidance for the Workplace Environment organized by Balai K3 Samarinda on October 21–24, 2025. Results : Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, indicating an improvement in participants’ knowledge following the training sessions. Conclusion / Lesson Learned : The OHS Technical Guidance for the Workplace Environment was effective in improving participant knowledge and was successfully implemented with a well- executed training process.
Use of MRI Image Recording of the Recitation of Surah al-Fatihah Towards the Makhraj of Letters: A Study on Quran Teachers at Kelantan Islamic Foundation School
Background : Surah al-Fatihah is one of the earliest and simplest surahs recited in Muslim prayers, and is widely used by Quran teachers to teach the accurate articulation and makhraj of Hijaiyyah letters. However, in Malaysia, the application of medical devices to study anatomical movements during Quranic recitation remains limited. Objective : To determine the level of knowledge among Quran teachers from selected Islamic schools in Malaysia and assess the suitability of using MRI image recordings to teach makhraj of letters based on the Integration of Naqli and Aqli (INAQ) approach. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : A total of 40 Islamic schools will be selected through convenience sampling involving an estimated 120 Quran teachers. The study adopts a mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative data. MRI recordings used in this study were developed collaboratively by researchers at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Results : The study is expected to demonstrate that MRI image recordings can serve as an effective and innovative teaching aid to enhance Quranic instruction, particularly in articulating correct makhraj of letters. Conclusion / Lesson Learned : Findings are anticipated to support the use of MRI image recordings as a classroom teaching tool for Quran teachers in various schools. The technique also has the potential to be expanded to the Islamic Education Division (BPI), Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM).
Refractive Errors and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Malaysian Children from Low-Income Families: V4E 2023 Findings
Background : Refractive errors are a leading cause of childhood visual impairment, with children from low-income families facing substantial barriers to eye care that often result in delayed diagnosis and correction. The Vision for Education (V4E) Program was established to improve refractive error management by providing free corrective glasses to underprivileged Malaysian children. Objective : To describe sociodemographic characteristics and types of refractive errors among children and adolescents from low-income families participating in the V4E program. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : This retrospective observational study analyzed data from 1,418 participants aged 0–17 years collected through the V4E database. Screenings were conducted across 66 centres—including schools, public hospitals, and university hospitals—in 14 Malaysian states. Demographic variables included age, gender, number of dependents, and household income. Refractive errors were categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Results : The mean age was 10.0 ± 3.8 years, with balanced gender distribution (51% male; 49% female). The mean household income was RM2,713, with primary and secondary incomes averaging RM1,300 each. Most participants were from Kuala Lumpur (21%), Negeri Sembilan (21%), and Sabah (14%). Mild refractive error was the most common diagnosis (34%), followed by moderate (11%) and severe (<2%). Astigmatism was the most prevalent condition (64%), followed by myopia (38.4%) and hyperopia (24.6%). Conclusion / Lesson Learned : The V4E program successfully reached underserved children across Malaysia and identified a considerable burden of correctable refractive errors. These findings highlight the need for sustained, equitable vision screening and subsidized optical correction to support educational access among socioeconomically disadvantaged children.
The Relationship Between Mental Health Disorders and Smoking Behavior in Company X
Background : The WHO study indicates that over 1.1 billion people globally consumed tobacco in 2023, with significantly higher rates among men than women. Furthermore, the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) statistics from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2023 revealed that approximately 14 million adults aged 15 years and older, constituting 6% of Indonesia's population, suffer from symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression are closely associated with smoking behavior, as higher levels of depression correlate with increased smoking tendencies, and conversely, lower levels of depression correspond with decreased smoking tendencies. Workplace- related depression stemming from job stress, fatigue due to work, and reduced anxiety from work fatigue that affects sleep and concentration difficulties can lead to continuous consumption of cigarettes. Objective : The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between mental health disorders and smoking behavior at Company X Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employs a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were gathered using a questionnaire. The population for this study consists of employees at Company X, with a sample size of 90 respondents selected through accidental sampling. The instruments utilized in this research include the PHQ-9 (measuring depression levels) and GAD-7 (assessing anxiety levels). Statistical analysis for this study involves Spearman's rank correlation test. Results : The Spearman rank correlation calculation yielded a significant value (Sig.) = 0.000 (p value ≤ 0.05), indicating highly significant data. Therefore, H1 is accepted, suggesting a relationship between smoking behavior and mental disorders among employees at Company X. Additionally, the Spearman rank analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.804, indicating a positive correlation Conclusion/Lesson Learned: Based on the research findings, there exists a relationship between mental disorders and smoking behavior among employees at Company X. Increased smoking correlates with higher levels of depression and anxiety. Future research could further develop by employing different research designs, varying independent variables, and expanding the sample size, thereby advancing research in the field of mental health.
Description of Community Satisfaction at Puskesmas Lok Bahu During The Implementation of Primary Care Integration
Background : In January 2025, the Mayor's decree designated all Community Health Center in Samarinda as Primary Health Service Integration Implementers. The initiative aims offer comprehensive services the encompass all stage of life, from infancy to the erderly. It is expected that change will improve the quality of care and enhance community satisfaction. Puskesmas Lok Bahu measures satisfaction through the Community Satisfaction Survey in accordance with Permenpan No.14 of 2017. Over the past three years, satisfaction scores have shown some variation but have consistenly remain in the very good category. Objective : This reasearch aims to describe community satisfaction at Puskesmas Lok Bahu during the implementation of primary care integration. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This reasearch employs a descriptive method, utilizing secondary data collected from a community satisfaction survey in first semester of 2025 from 398 respondents at Puskesmas Lok Bahu Results : The Community Satisfaction Index stands of 89. The lowest score was related to serviced periode, which received at rating of 3.435, while the highest score were for handling complaints from service users and service rates, both of which scored 3.857. A notable issue with service timing was identified due to an insufficient number of medical personnel in relation to patient visits, the center had only two doctors, and one of whom also served as the head of Puskesmas Conclusion/Lesson Learned : It is recommended to consider the addition of medical personnel and to enhance the queuing system along with information technology solutions to effectively redice patient wait times.
Gambaran Realisasi Belanja Dana BOK Puskesmas Air Putih Kota Samarinda: Tinjauan Efektivitas dan Pemanfaatan Anggaran-- (Analysis of the Health Operational Assistance (BOK) Fund Realization at Puskesmas Air Putih, Samarinda : An Evaluation of Effectivene
Background :Health is a fundamental right guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and has become a national development priority under the 2020–2024 (RPJMN). One of the government’s key health financing policies to strengthen primary health services is the Health Operational Assistance Fund (BOK) Objective :To provide a quantitative overview of the expenditure realization of the BOK Fund at Puskesmas Air Putih Samarinda in 2024 and to evaluate the effectiveness and utilization of the budget based on the principles of effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accountability as stipulated in the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 18/2024. The study employed a descriptive method with secondary data analysis sourced from BOK financial realization reports for 2022–2024 Research Methods/ Implementation Methods :The study employed a descriptive method with secondary data analysis sourced from BOK financial realization reports for 2022–2024 Results :The findings show the average realization rate of the BOK budget over the past three years reached 88.9%, with a decline in 2024 to 82%, despite a significant increase in the total allocation. The pattern of fund absorption was uneven, with most expenditures occurring in the fourth quarter. Analysis based on George R. Terry’s (1972) POAC theory (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling) identified issues in data-based planning, suboptimal intersectoral organization, inconsistent implementation, and reactive supervision Conclusion :The effectiveness of BOK management is influenced by misalignment among managerial functions; therefore, strengthening performance-based planning and monitoring is required to support the transformation of primary health services at the Puskesmas
Health Operational Assistance Fund (BOK)
Sobat Gizi: Strengthening Mothers Knowledge to Prevent Underweightin Children through Nutrition Education
Background : The problem of underweight in toddlers remains a serious challenge because it impacts the growth, development, and endurance of children. Underweight can be defined as a body weight that is low due to malnutrition (Nisa, 2024). Based on WHO data (2022), there are 45 million children (6.8%) in the world experiencing underweight, while in Indonesia the prevalence reaches 17.1% (SSGI, 2022; Mulyani, 2024). In Bangun Rejo Village, Kutai Kartanegara, 13 toddlers were recorded below the KMS red line. The lack of parental knowledge about nutrition is the main cause, so the Sobat Gizi 1 and Sobat Gizi 2 programs were developed as an educational effort to increase understanding of balanced nutrition to reduce malnutrition rates in toddlers. Objective : The SOBAT GIZI program aims to enhance the knowledge, understanding, and skills of parents especially mothers with toddlers in applying proper parenting and feeding practices as a preventive and corrective measure against child malnutrition. Additionally, this program seeks to improve the nutritional status of toddlers by optimizing nutrition improvement efforts particularly in addressing the high prevalence of underweight cases in Dusun Bangun Rejo I, Bangun Rejo Village. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This program employed a participatory educational approach that combined nutrition counseling, interactive discussions, and hands-on activities to enhance mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills in child feeding and nutrition. The implementation was carried out through collaboration among professional nutritionists, local health cadres, and village officials. Activities were conducted through a series of structured sessions under the Sobat Gizi component which focused on improving mothers’ understanding of parenting practices, balanced nutrition, and appropriate feeding behaviors through lectures, group discussions, and pre- and posttest assessments to evaluate knowledge improvement. Results : The Sobat Gizi 1 and 2 programs significantly improved mothers’ knowledge on child nutrition and parenting. In Sobat Gizi 1, scores rose from 75.5 to 95.5 (↑26.49%), with a Wilcoxon test result of Z = -3.573; p = 0.000. Likewise, Sobat Gizi 2, integrated with the Ceria Masak session, showed a significant increase (Z = -3.079; p = 0.002), with 13 participants improving and 2 remaining unchanged. Overall, both programs effectively enhanced knowledge by 26–27%, proving that interactive education and practical sessions strengthen nutritional awareness and promote positive behavioral change among mothers at Posyandu Menuju Sehat, Bangun Rejo Village
Re-TaRo (Remaja Tanpa Rokok): Education on the Impact andSimulation of the Dangers of Smoking
The Field Learning Experience as known as Pelatihan Belajar Lapangan (PBL) course is part of the Faculty of Public Health curriculum, which aims to provide students with direct practical experience in the community. The village of Bukit Pariaman, where the PBL is conducted, is located in Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Based on the initial observations, one of the main health issues that was found is habit of smoking inside the house. The RE-TARO (Remaja Tanpa Rokok/Teenagers Without Cigarettes) program is an intervention effort designed to increase teenagers' awareness and understanding of the dangers of smoking in the working area of Posyandu Sejahtera 1, Bukit Pariaman Village. The RE-TARO program is held after the Teenagers Health Post activities. The target of this activity is teenagers aged 10-18 years from all areas of Bukit Pariaman Village. The activity began with an information session on the dangers of smoking, which aimed to increase adolescents' knowledge and awareness of the negative health effects of smoking. This series of activities included a pre-test, presentation of material, interactive discussion sessions, educational games, and concluded with a post-test. The activity then continued with a simulation of the dangers of smoking as a form of contextual learning. In this simulation, participants were shown an experiment illustrating the effects of smoking on the lungs using simple teaching aids. The activity concluded with a brainstorming session to explore participants' understanding of the simulation results. Through this approach, it is hoped that teenagers will be able to understand the dangers of smoking more realistically and deeply, with a target of 98% of participants being able to absorb the message conveyed through the simulation. The main objective of the RE-TARO (Teenagers Without Cigarettes) program is to increase adolescents’ knowledge and awareness about the dangers of smoking and to encourage the development of a healthy lifestyle free from cigarettes. This program is designed as an educational intervention that combines counseling, interactive discussions, educational games, and smoking hazard simulations to help participants understand the risks of smoking more clearly and deeply. Through pre-test and post-test methods, the program also aims to measure the effectiveness of improving adolescents’ understanding of smoking dangers. With a participatory and contextual approach, this program is expected to instill critical attitudes and prevent teenagers from starting to smoke, thereby supporting the creation of a smoke-free social environment and improving public health from an early age
Kania Imanuella Rante Kania Imanuella Rante
Hypertension in Loa Raya Village: An Analysis of Its Associated RiskFactors
Background : Hypertension represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia and serves as a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Its prevalence continues to rise nationwide, and in Loa Raya Village, hypertension has been recognized as a significant public health concern, affecting 53% of the adult population. Despite this high prevalence, the underlying factors contributing to hypertension in this community remain insufficiently understood. Objective : This study aims to identify and analyze the factors associated with the occurrence of hypertension among residents of Loa Raya Village. The research focuses on examining demographic and lifestyle-related variables that may contribute to increased blood pressure within the community. This study employed a descriptive survey with a cross-sectional design conducted from June 18 to 20, 2025, in RT 1 and RT 2 of Loa Raya Village. A total of 64 household representatives aged between 27 and 78 years participated as respondents. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-square (χ²) test to determine the relationship between independent variables and hypertension status. The Chi-square test showed that age (p = 0.640) and gender (p = 0.215) had no significant association with hypertension status among residents of Loa Raya Village. In contrast, smoking behavior (p = 0.011) and engaging in physical activity for at least 30 minutes per day (p = 0.048) demonstrated a significant association with hypertension status. These indicate that smoking and insufficient physical activity are factors associated with a higher incidence of hypertension. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Smoking behavior and insufficient physical activity were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension in Loa Raya Village. In contrast, age and gender showed no significant association with hypertension status, indicated that lifestyle-related factors play a more substantial role in influencing blood pressure regulation within this community.
The Influence of Employee Mental Health on Workplace Performance:A Human Resource Management Perspective
Background : The significance of employee mental health within the framework of human resource management is gaining attention due to its direct impact on work performance and organizational productivity. Increasing workplace demands, rapid changes, and psychological pressures contribute to mental health challenges such as stress, anxiety, and burnout among employees. Objective : This study aims to analyze how employee mental health influences work performance and organizational outcomes, while also identifying effective HR management strategies to support employees’ mental well-being. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This research uses a qualitative descriptive method through literature review, exploring journal articles, organizational reports, and best practice guidelines published from 2020 onwards, focusing on HR management and workplace mental health. Results : Findings show that poor mental health among employees leads to decreased productivity, higher absenteeism, and reduced job satisfaction. Organizational support in the form of mental health policies, Employee Assistance Programs (EAP), and flexible work arrangements directly correlate with improved performance, lower stress, and increased loyalty. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Comprehensive mental health management within organizations is essential. HR should implement proactive support systems, offer psychological assistance, and foster a supportive work environment. These strategies are proven to enhance employee resilience, productivity, and long-term organizational success, without sacrificing well-being
Overview of Health Worker Training Effectiveness Using Blended andClassical Methods at Bapelkes East Kalimantan
Background : Health worker training is a strategic effort to improve the competence, professionalism, and readiness of health workers in facing health service challenges. Research. Objective : This study aims to evaluate the application of training methods, participant distribution, and the effectiveness of both methods in improving the competence of health workers, as well as identifying gaps (GAP) in the implementation of training. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The research approach is descriptive and evaluative. Data were collected from 2247 trainees based on district/city, gender, employment status, profession, and training method. Results : Large cities such as Samarinda, Balikpapan, and Kutai Kartanegara dominated the number of participants, while remote districts were fewer. The majority of participants were women (77.9%) and ASN (69.5%). The dominant professions are nurses (29.6%) and midwives (24.3%), while minority professions (psychiatrists, medical records, nurse anaesthetists) are very few (<1%). The Classical Method is still dominant (90.5%) with 80% interactive, while the new Blended Learning is 9.48% with 20% interactive. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Training at UPTD Bapelkes in East Kalimantan Province has reached various professions and districts, but there are still gaps in the distribution of participants, training methods, and participation of minority professions.
EDUCAS as an Intervention Program to Improve Stress ManagementSkills in Adolescents
Background : Adolescents are a group that is vulnerable to stress, so education is needed to improve their ability to manage it. EDUCAS (Health Education for Stress Management in Adolescents) program was implemented at SMK Negeri 1 Tenggarong Seberang, Embalut Village, and was attended by 43 twelfth-grade students. Objective : This activity aimed to increase adolescents understanding of stress, including its definition, causes, and management strategies. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The method used was a pre-experimental design with a one group pre-test and post-test approach. The intervention was carried out through education on stress management and interactive quizzes. Results : Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to measure changes in knowledge before and after the intervention. The results showed an increase in the average score from 66.98 to 69.77. Total of 41.86% of participants experienced an increase in knowledge, 20.93% experienced no change, and 37.21% experienced a decrease. However, a p-value of 0.588 (>0.05) indicates that the increase was not statistically significant. Factors such as device limitations, short intervention duration, and shared device use are thought to have influenced the results. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The enthusiasm of the participants and the increased awareness of the importance of stress management indicate the positive potential of the EDUCAS program. It is recommended that similar activities in the future be carried out with a longer duration, adequate facilities, and more interactive learning methods to achieve more optimal results.
ASA BUNDA (Aksi Sehat Anak bersama Bunda): Maternal Educationto Prevent Stunting in Bangun Rejo
Stunting is still a major health issue in Bangun Rejo Village. Most mothers still lack understanding of balanced nutrition and the impact of early marriage on child growth. This issue is important because mothers play a central role in ensuring optimal child development. However, health education programs focusing on maternal knowledge and reproductive health are still limited in this area. Therefore, the ASA BUNDA program was designed to fill this practical gap by providing direct education to improve mothers’ understanding and awareness in preventing stunting. The ASA BUNDA aims to raise mothers' awareness of stunting prevention and the need of delaying early marriage. The event took place on July 17, 2025, engaging mothers and youth health cadres of the Posyandu Remaja in Bangun Rejo. Health education sessions were conducted interactively by students and public health lecturers. A pre-test and post-test were used to measure changes in knowledge, and the data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test to determine significance. The program had 85% attendance and a considerable increase in participants' post-test knowledge ratings. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test revealed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test results (p < 0.05), showing better awareness of stunting prevention and parenting practices. Participants also provided favorable feedback and demonstrated a readiness to apply their knowledge in everyday family health activities. The ASA BUNDA program significantly enhanced mothers' understanding of stunting prevention and healthy parenting practices. This activity shows that empowering mothers through simple and participatory health education can help reduce stunting risk in the community
The Effectiveness of UKS Teacher Training in Samarinda City inImproving Knowledge and Competence in the Implementation ofHealthy Schools
Background : The Healthy School Program is a strategic effort to form a learning environment that supports the physical, mental, and social health of students. However, its implementation in Samarinda City still faces obstacles to limited sanitation facilities, lack of health education, and weak capacity of UKS coaching teachers. Objective : This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of UKS teacher training on improving knowledge and skills in the implementation of healthy school programs. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The study used a pretest-posttest one group design with a total sample of 72 UKS teachers from public and private elementary schools. Data were collected through questionnaires before and after training, then analyzed using the Wilcoxon test (α = 0.05). Results : The results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge (p = 0.000). The increase of 27.55% shows that training is effective in strengthening the competence of UKS teachers. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This participatory-based training also encourages cross-sector collaboration between universities and local governments in strengthening the Healthy School Movement program.
Application of HIRARC Method for Risk Assessment in Loading andUnloading Operations at PT. X Makassar
Background : Workplace accidents during loading and unloading activities at ports remain a significant issue that affects worker safety. PT. X Makassar, as one of the main ports in Indonesia, faces challenges in managing safety risks in its working environment. Therefore, it is important to implement a systematic and proven method to assess and control risks effectively. One such method is HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control). Objective : This study aims to apply the HIRARC method to assess and manage workplace safety risks during loading and unloading activities at the port Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The research employs an explanatory sequential approach, combining quantitative data for risk assessment using the AS/NZS 4360:2004 matrix, and qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews with workers and HSE staff Results : The results show that various physical, mechanical, and human error hazards were identified with high-risk levels. The implemented risk controls include the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), engineering controls, and administrative controls. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : This study recommends improving port infrastructure and providing regular training for workers to enhance workplace safety in the future.
Review of Complete Basic Immunization Services at Lok Bahu HealthCenter from January-July 2025
Background : Complete basic immunization (CBI) is a public health priority program aimed at preventing Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPDs). Objective : This study reviews the implementation of CBI services at Lok Bahu Public Health Center, Samarinda City, during the period of January-July 2025. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This research employed a descriptive qualitative design involving health workers, posyandu cadres, health center management, pharmacy staff, and parents as informants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, documentation, and official document reviews, then analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion verification using source, method, and data triangulation. Results : The results showed that the planning process was carried out through the Activity Proposal Plan (RUK) and cross-sectoral coordination; however, strategies to reach hard-to-access populations and non-vaccine funding support remained limited. The implementation stage faced challenges such as insufficient health personnel, delayed vaccine distribution, and community resistance toward immunization. The evaluation process through the Quarterly Mini Workshop functioned as a forum for identifying obstacles and follow-up actions across sectors, but inconsistencies between manual records and the ASIK application as well as delayed reporting from posyandu were still found. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The achievement of CBI coverage in the Lok Bahu Health Center working area has not yet met the national target, influenced by planning, implementation, and evaluation factors that are not yet optimally integrated. Strengthening cross-sectoral coordination, financial support, stable vaccine distribution, adaptive risk communication, and synchronization of recording systems are required to sustainably improve immunization coverage.
LASKAR SEHAT LATIHAN KADER AKTIF DAN SIAGA UNTUKKESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
Background : Posyandu and Posbindu cadres play an important role in improving community health. However, in Loa Pari Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, many cadres have never received proper training, resulting in limited knowledge and skills in carrying out health services. Through the “Laskar Sehat (Cadre Training)” program, this activity aims to enhance the capacity and competence of cadres in delivering basic health services. After the training, cadres are expected to become more skilled, independent, and actively contribute to creating a healthier and more empowered community in Loa Pari Village. Objective : The LASKAR SEHAT was implemented to enhance the capacity and competency of Posyandu (Integrated Service Post) cadres, particularly those serving at Posyandu Lansia Kenanga 1 and Posbindu PTM. The activities involved direct educational sessions and the distribution of an educational pocketbook designed to strengthen the cadres’ knowledge and practical skills. Through these efforts, the program aimed to develop active, competent, and well-prepared cadres capable of performing promotive and preventive public health functions within Loa Pari Village. The success of the program was measured by comparing the participants’ pre-test and post-test scores. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The Community Field Learning I activity by Public Health students of Group 12 was held on July 9, 2025, at Loa Pari Village Hall, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara. This program included health education and training for nine Posyandu Lansia and Posbindu PTM cadres on non-communicable diseases, anthropometric measurements, BMI calculation, blood pressure monitoring using a digital tensimeter, and completing elderly health monitoring books. The activity consisted of four stages: pre-test, health education and booklet distribution, practical training, and post-test to evaluate the improvement of the cadres’ knowledge and skills in understanding the materials and using health equipment. Results : The increase in knowledge of Laskar Sehat participants from before counseling to after counseling is equal to a significant improvement, reflecting the effectiveness of the health education provided in enhancing their understanding and awareness.
Early Detection of Hypertension Education Through the PPCU 90-DayHealth Program in Loa Raya Village
disease that often goes unnoticed until complications occur. In Loa Raya Village, many pre-elderly and elderly residents experience high blood pressure without realizing it. The lack of awareness and persistence of unhealthy habits highlight the need for community-based education. This study aimed to improve knowledge, awareness, and preventive behavior toward hypertension among pre-elderly and elderly individuals in Loa Raya Village. By integrating the Personal Prevention Check-Up (PPCU) with the 90-Day Health Program, the community was encouraged to identify their risk levels and adopt healthy habits, including balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and stress management. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the PPCU form through structured interviews at the elderly health post and door-to-door visits. Participants aged 45 years and above were selected purposively. Of 50 participants, 32 were at high risk, 12 moderate, and 6 low risk. The program increased awareness of hypertension, early detection, and healthy living practices. Implementers also learned the value of empathetic communication and continuous community engagement. Integrating PPCU with the 90-Day Health Program effectively raised awareness, promoted healthy behavior, and provided a practical, low-cost model for preventing non-communicable diseases in rural communities.
Ergonomic Risk and Work Fatigue among Mining Workers in KertaBuana Village
Background : Mining workers in Kerta Buana Village are exposed to long working hours and heavy physical workloads, increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and chronic fatigue. Ergonomic awareness and occupational safety training remain limited, contributing to higher health complaints among workers. Objective : To identify the prevalence of ergonomic risks and work fatigue symptoms related to long working hours among mining workers in Kerta Buana Village. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive survey was conducted involving mining workers using a structured questionnaire to collect data on working hours, physical complaints, and participation in occupational health and safety (OHS) training. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine risk proportions. Results : The findings showed that 87.5% of respondents worked more than eight hours per day, and 62.5% reported back pain or muscle fatigue. Around 54.2% had never attended any OHS training, indicating a lack of ergonomic awareness and preventive practices at the workplace. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Prolonged working hours and insufficient ergonomic training contribute to high levels of fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints among mining workers. Improving ergonomic practices and providing regular OHS education are essential to reduce health risks and enhance workers’ well-being.
Pemberdayaan Keluarga Melalui Family Class dalam PengambilanKeputusan Kegawatdaruratan Ibu: Suatu Scoping Review
Background : The Minimum Service Standards (SPM) in the health sector serve as key performance indicators for local governments in ensuring the community’s right to quality health services. Regular evaluation of SPM achievements is essential to assess the effectiveness of program implementation and improvements in public health status. Objective : This study aims to describe the achievement of health SPM across 26 Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) in Samarinda City during the 2022–2024 period Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This research employed a quantitative descriptive design using secondary data from the SPM achievement reports of the Samarinda City Health Office. Data were analyzed based on the average achievement of each Puskesmas, then aggregated to calculate the city’s average achievement per year to identify trends from 2022 to 2024. Results : : The average SPM achievement in Samarinda City was 83.75% in 2022, increasing to 93.65% in 2023, and slightly declining to 90.77% in 2024. Overall, there was a 9.9% increase from 2022 to 2023, followed by a 2.9% decrease in 2024 compared to the previous year Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The health SPM achievement in Samarinda City showed an overall upward trend over the three-year period, despite a slight decline in 2024. Evaluation of factors contributing to fluctuations, particularly in indicators with lower scores, is necessary to maintain continuous improvement in the quality of basic health services.
Overview Of The Achievement Of Minimum Service standards (Spm) For Health Samarinda City In 2022,2023, And 2024
Telaah Sistematis (SLR) Makna Merokok sebagai Mekanisme Coping Emosional pada Remaja
Background : Perilaku merokok pada remaja di Indonesia masih menjadi isu kesehatan masyarakat yang mendesak, dengan prevalensi perokok aktif pada kelompok usia 15–19 tahun mencapai 56,5% (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia, 2023). Kelompok usia ini rentan terhadap tekanan emosional dan pengaruh sosial, sehingga merokok kerap dimaknai sebagai bentuk emotional escape atau strategi pelarian emosional. Objective : Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk melakukan telaah sistematis (Systematic Literature Review / SLR) guna menganalisis makna merokok sebagai mekanisme coping terhadap tekanan emosional pada remaja, serta meninjau korelasinya dengan kesehatan mental. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : Kajian dilakukan terhadap artikel-artikel ilmiah terindeks yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2021 hingga 2025 dengan menggunakan protokol Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), Pencarian literatur menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci seperti "merokok remaja" AND "coping stres" OR "emotional escape" AND "kesehatan mental" OR "regulasi emosi). Dari 228 artikel yang diidentifikasi, diperoleh sembilan artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut. Results : Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa merokok dipersepsikan sebagai cara untuk mengatasi stres, kecemasan, dan konflik batin, terutama ketika dukungan emosional terbatas. Namun, kebiasaan ini justru berpotensi memperburuk kondisi psikologis dan meningkatkan risiko ketergantungan nikotin. Pemahaman mendalam tentang makna subjektif merokok ini sangat penting dalam merancang intervensi kesehatan mental yang lebih efektif, serta dalam mempromosikan strategi coping yang lebih adaptif bagi remaja, mengatasi kekosongan kajian kualitatif pada topik ini. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Merokok pada remaja dipahami sebagai bentuk coping terhadap tekanan emosional, namun bersifat maladaptif karena memperburuk kesehatan mental dan meningkatkan risiko ketergantungan. Diperlukan intervensi yang menekankan penguatan regulasi emosi dan strategi coping adaptif bagi remaja.