International Conference on Tropical Studies (ICTROPS)
Proceeding Book of The International Conference on Tropical Studies and Its Application (ICTROPS), is organized by the University of Mulawarman in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) and the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.
Geology and Groundwater Quality Analysis for Clean Water and Irrigation of Sanga-Sanga District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province
The research location is in two sub-districts, namely Sanga-sanga District, Samarinda City and Palaran District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the quality of ground water in the study area. The research method used in this research is laboratory analysis and direct survey in the field. The well water sample data used are 2 water samples which are considered to represent the research area by using purposive sampling method. The groundwater quality assessment for clean water shows that all samples are within the permissible threshold and are included in the clean water quality standard value. Then the assessment of groundwater for irrigation shows the quality of the groundwater, which is very good to good. So it meets the requirements for use as irrigation. And the groundwater assessment for the pollution index obtained the status of water quality which also meets the quality standard (good condition). Keywords: Groundwater, Pollution Index, Clean Water, irrigation
Copyright (c) 2023 International Conference on Tropical Studies (ICTROPS)
Estimation of Mangrove Carbon Stocks at Muara Badak Waters, Kutai Kartanegara
The most important ecological function of the mangrove ecosystem is to absorb and store carbon in efforts to mitigate global warming. This study aims to determine the density of mangrove species and analyze the amount of carbon stock in mangrove area at the Muara Badak Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. This research was conducted in July 2022 at two sampling stations using the line transect method. The results showed that the average mangrove density at Station I was 1,100 ind/ha and at Station II was 1,133 ind/ha, indicating that the two stations were in moderate/good condition. The estimated carbon stock of mangrove at Station I has an average carbon of 1.789 tons/ha and at Station II has an average carbon of 2.169 tons/ha. The correlation between mangrove density and mangrove carbon stock showed a close relationship with the R value is 0.9278. Keywords: Mangrove, carbon stock, mangrove density, Muara Badak The most important ecological function of the mangrove ecosystem is to absorb and store carbon in efforts to mitigate global warming. This study aims to determine the density of mangrove species and analyze the amount of carbon stock in mangrove area at the Muara Badak Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. This research was conducted in July 2022 at two sampling stations using the line transect method. The results showed that the average mangrove density at Station I was 1,100 ind/ha and at Station II was 1,133 ind/ha, indicating that the two stations were in moderate/good condition. The estimated carbon stock of mangrove at Station I has an average carbon of 1.789 tons/ha and at Station II has an average carbon of 2.169 tons/ha. The correlation between mangrove density and mangrove carbon stock showed a close relationship with the R value is 0.9278. Keywords: Mangrove, carbon stock, mangrove density, Muara Badak
Photovoltaic Power Plant Monitoring by Using Low-Cost Internet of Things (IoT): Design and Implementation
A study on the monitoring system of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant using low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) technology for monitoring electrical output (voltage and current) and environmental parameters (solar irradiance and cell temperature) to measure the performance of PV power plant has been realized. The prototype design of the monitoring system developed is the integration of several smart sensors, microcontrollers and algorithms that are able to read, send and process data in real-time. The working principle of IoT in this monitoring system is to connect sensors and devices from special systems on a public network through wired or wireless nodes. In general, IoT-based wireless systems are preferred to avoid the risks associated with wired systems. By still paying attention to the needs in the near future, where every device will be smart, automatic and connected via the internet.
Designing a Waste Power Plant (PLTSA) Prototype Based on the Type of Waste as a Renewable Energy Source
Renewable electricity from waste is one of the solution to overcome the problem of the energy crisis of fossil fuels and solutions to reduce the increasing waste population in Indonesia. The abundance of rubbish in Indonesia with the existence of Waste plant can produce enough electricity and can also reduce the problem in Indonesia itself, namely the lack of electricity in some regions. In this journal, we make a prototype of a waste power plant (PLTSa) using the incinerator method or what can be called combustion. The initial step to do is collecting reference data in the form of journals. Then the PLTSa prototype was assembled, and finally the prototype was tested. Based on the results of the prototype test conducted by comparison of different types of waste, namely used wood, dry leaves, and paper with a load of one LED. Obtained an average power of 0.1763 watts. From prototype testing that we have done, it can be concluded that the type of used wood waste that produces greater power.
The Combination of Jicama (Pachyrizus erosus L.) and Tofu and Alternative Medium for the Growth of Escherichia coli Bacteria
Bacterial growth media is necessary for bacterial culture in laboratory. Bacterial growth media is sold commercially, but its distribution has not yet reached all regions. Local raw materials that have potential to fertilize the growth of microorganisms are jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) and tofu. Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) can be a source of carbohydrate nutrition and tofu as a source of protein for microbial growth. This study aims to examine the potential combination of jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) and tofu as an alternative bacterial growth medium. This research is an experimental study with a descriptive approach that uses 3 tests. The bacterial inoculation method used is the pour plate method. The results showed that the natural medium of jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) and the natural medium of tofu cannot be used as an alternative growth medium for escherichia bacteria. Heating in the process of making the media activates flavonoids in jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) which can inhibit the growth of bacteria. The process of making tofu uses vinegar so it is acidic and bacteria are intolerant of its pH. Different methods and procedures must be carried out to produce jicama extract (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) and other non-acidic sources of protein.
The Conservation and Development Model Design of Camphor (Dryobalanapos Aromatica) Biodiversity in Sibagindar Champor Forest Pakpak Bharat District North Sumatra
Camphor trees (Dryobalanops aromatica) are one of the typical trees with a high prospect in Nusantara, especially in North Sumatra. Camphor was in high demand in the 2nd century so the price was almost equal to gold, Europe and the Middle East showed a high interest in this commodity. The camphor tree produces camphor which attracts the interest of most people. This tree grows in the forests of northern Sumatra. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) states that camphor has entered a very critical period and is even threatened with extinction. Therefore, it Is important to maintain and protect the existence of camphor trees by involving wider communities to grow this tree. This paper discusses the conservation and development of camphor trees in the Sibagindar camphor forest as a form of conservation of camphor biodiversity and sustainable regional economic development. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The first process was identifying the problems and potentials of the camphor tree and the local area. Data were analyzed to design a conservation and development model of camphor.
Using Ergonomic Checkpoints in Agriculture to Support the Improvement of Work Systems in Rubber Plantations a Case Study in CV. Eja Nursery, East Kalimantan
CV. Eja Nursery is one of the rubber plantations located in Kutai Kartanegara District, East Kalimantan. Indonesia is the second largest rubber producer in the world. Based on the initial observations it was found that there was not ergonomicwork environment at CV. Eja Nursery. Not ergonomic work environment will interfere with the productivity of farmers' work. Given the importance of ergonomics in agriculture, the International Labor Organization (ILO) in collaboration with the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) developed an ergonomics approach to improve safety and health in agriculture, which was named the Ergonomic Checkpoint in Agriculture. Based on this concern, research on the evaluation of ergonomicsworking condition is conducted in CV. Eja Nursery using Ergonomic Checkpoint in Agriculture. The results showed that 27.6% of the working conditions at CV. Eja Nursery needs improvement. This means the working conditions at CV. Nursery is mostly in accordance with ergonomics standards in agriculture. Aspects that require attention are providing welfare facilities and organization and work schedules.
Green Open Space Planning Using the Sustainable Child-Friendly Concept (Case Study: Kampung Seketeng, Sumbawa)
Green open space has various of functions that will be useful in creating environmental management balance and harmony. A decent city is not only about luxurious buildings, but also has space and facilities to support children's growth and development. The purpose of this research is to develop a green open space design in Seketeng Village, Sumbawa district. Regional design guideline is one of planning document that exists in an area to support and contribute the realization of sustainable green city. In the next stage, the design of the area can be used as a reference in the implementation of the arrangement and management of buildings/physical activities. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The objective is to establish a green open space that is capable of serving the activities of Child-Friendly villages in a sustainable manner, is directed at developing the function of green open spaces in achieving the elements of “nature” and “society” in each typology of green open spaces formed. The expectation of this strategy is that the green open space can be increased through urban villages and be able to serve community activities. Keywords: Design, Green Open Space, Environmental management
The Effect of Wind Speed on the Power Generated in a Wind Power Plant Prototype
Bayu or known as wind is one of several renewable energy sources that have the potential to produce electrical energy. Wind conditions that are not the same between places affect the energy produced. This wind condition is closely related to wind speed, so an experiment is needed to determine the effect of wind speed on the power generated on the PLTB prototype. The method used is to directly measure the power generated by the PLTB prototype which is loaded with different wind conditions. The results obtained with a wind speed of 3.5 m/s capable of producing an average power of 0,0188 watts, then at a wind speed of 4 m/s capable of producing an average power of 0,0241 watts, and a wind speed of 4.3 m/s capable of producing an average power of 0,0283 watts, this shows that wind speed affects the power generated.
Voltage and Current Calculation on Hybrid PV and Microhydro Power Plant Prototypes Based on Arduino
Hybrid Power Plant is a combination of power plants that use solar and micro hydro power sources. The purpose of this research is to measure the value of power, measure the value of current and voltage measurements using a DC voltage sensor and ACS712 current sensor. The experiment was conducted to determine the accuracy of the sensor in measuring the value of voltage and current on the hybrid prototype. In the solar panel prototype, the power obtained is 0.80332 Watt with an efficiency of 66.94%., in the micro-hydro prototype, the power is 0.02554 Watt with an efficiency of 93.89% and the hybrid prototype is 1.3564 Watt.
Study of Natural Food Sources of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in the Buffer Zone of New Capital City of Indonesia
The riparian forest area along the Tunan river in Waru District, Penajam Paser Utara, is one of the proboscis monkey habitats in East Kalimantan. This area is included in the buffer zone closest to the new nation's capital city. As a result of the ongoing land use conversion, this area is divided into fragments, which have an effect on reducing the habitat. However, the presence of numerous groups of proboscis monkeys indicates that these habitat fragments can still meet their basic needs. The purpose of this study was to identify plant species used by proboscis monkey as natural food sources. Purposive sampling and observation method were used during this research. The result shows that there were 18 plant species as natural food sources, namely Avicennia marina, Elaeis guineensis, Excoecaria agalocha, Ficus benjamina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Vitex pinnata, Xylocarpus granatum, Achantus ilicifolius, Derris trifoliata, Ficus urata, Manihot esculenta, Melastoma malabathricum, Senna alata, Acrosticum aureum, Causonis trifolia, Flagellaria indica, Oxyceros longiflorus, and Loranthus sp. The hugest proportion of plant parts consumed were leaves (66.67%), while flowers and fruits were consumed in a smaller percentage. Keywords: food sources, Nasalis larvatus, proboscis monkey, riparian
Flood Vulnerability Analysis Using Ahp Method in Puwajaya Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
The analysis of flood-vulnerability areas in this study uses the help of a Geographic Information System (GIS) where GIS capabilities can be harmonized with remote sensing. This analysis uses five criteria, namely (1) Slope (2) Land Use (3) Distance to River (4) Rainfall (5) Rock Unit. By using three alternative approaches, Scenario 1 was analyzed with five basic criteria, Scenario 2 was analyzed with 4 basic criteria except rock units, and Scenario 3 was with 4 basic criteria except rainfall. The results of the analysis of all parameters were then compared and weighted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Pairwaise Comparison matrix. The weight value for scenario 1 is 0.278, scenario 2 is 0.436 and scenario 3 is 0.284. The highest scenario is scenario 2 with the weight criteria being 0.53 rainfall, 0.20 land use, 0.14 slope, and 0.13 distance to the river. From the slope analysis, the research area is in plains (at a slope level of 0-13% to 21-55%). The dominant land use in the research area are forest and ex-mining areas. The closest distance to the river is <100 meters. Rainfall analysis using the Ishoyet method resulted in the distribution of rainfall <13.6 mm which was included in the low category. All analysis results are combined using the Overlay Intersection method in ArcGIS 10.4 to produce a map of flood-vulnerability areas based on the 4 criteria used. It was found that 5% of the research sites is very vulnerable to flood, 25% of the research sites is vulnerable to flood and 10% of the research sites is endangered to flood. Keywords: Flood, Geographic Information System (GIS), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), ArcGIS
The Evaluation of Pheromone Traps Glue Formula for Monitoring of Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Shallot Fields
Spodoptera exigua is considered as one of the most important pests in shallot plant. The objective of the research was to evaluate activity of synthetic pheromone which diluted in glue (glue formulation) for monitoring the Spodoptera exigua moth populations. This research was conducted from November until December 2021 in Tanah Datar, Bukittinggi Regency, West Sumatera. A sex pheromone glue formula was spread on yellow board trap and applied on shallot at 14 days after planting. This research was done using a randomized design, consist of sex pheromone glue formula treatments, with different amount of active components of adhesive glue (in 100 mL) i.e. A (50 µg), B (100 µg), C (200 µg), D (300 µg), and one trap without sex pheromone as control (E). Each treatment was repeated five times. The observation was made by counting the number of moths caught in the sex pheromone trap. The results showed that an effective sex pheromone formula to attract male moths was the B formula. The B (100 µg) formula can catch more male moths higher than that of other formulas and recommended further to utilize for monitoring of S. exigua.
Caribi Mobile Application Business Process Modeling
The industrial revolution 4.0 does not only have an impact on changes in technological culture in the fields of industry, agriculture and animal husbandry also have a significant impact. The application of technology in the field of animal husbandry can assist farmers in maximizing the results of their livestock so that they get a better income and raise the standard of living of farmers. Livestock investment in Indonesia itself has become a culture with management still carried out conventionally, although some of the livestock sales processes have adapted to the use of social media for digital marketing, but not only digital marketing but the investment process needs to be digitized. Based on this, we need a technology that can provide facilities to meet the needs of the community in investing and transactions that are in accordance with the needs of end users, namely investors, breeders and buyers. So it is necessary to design the system developed to suit the needs of the user so that the user does not need to change behavior in using the application. User Centered Design (UCD) is a method in UI/UX design with a focus on user needs. UCD is part of the CARIBI Mobile App investment application software development system which was built to facilitate the digitization of investment and livestock trading transactions. The results of the UI/UX design produce 8 main needs, namely the main dashboard page, investment dashboard, login, livestock dashboard, complaints, reviews, wishlists and transactions. The evaluation carried out at the beginning and at the end uses a usability scale system with an average SUS score of >80% with an excellent rating, which means that the appearance of the CARIBI Mobile App application meets customer needs or is good.
The Effect of L-Ascorbic Acid-2-Phosphate on Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Population Doubling Time and Angiogenic Potency
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been developed as substitute cells for tissue engineering. However, in order to get a high number of cells, over-repassage leads the cells to become big in spread size indicating that senescence occurred. This study aimed to evaluate the potency of ascorbic acid to induce the proliferation and angiogenic potency of human ADSCs and inhibit the aging process of the cells. Human ADSCs were isolated by an enzymatic process. ADSCs were cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented by ascorbic acid in various concentrations (1, 3, 6 µg/ml). The morphology, proliferation, population doubling time (PDT), and angiogenic potency were evaluated. Angiogenic potency analysis was performed using gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR). Ascorbic acid on 6 µg/mL suppressed the senescence proved by cell spread areas, growth curves, viability, PDT, and percentage of scratch width closure. No significant difference in vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor expression to the control. However, the high concentration of ascorbic acid (6 µg/ml) expressed the highest VEGF and VEGFR. Our study showed that ADSCs with supplementation of ascorbic acid (6 µg/ml) promoted proliferation and angiogenic potency.
Potential Natural Enemies of Stingless Bee in Sleman Hortikultura Plantation, Yogyakarta
Stingless bee is one of the bee species that pollinates many horticultural crops such as chili plants in Sleman plantations. The dominance of the presence of Stingless bee in the environment of chili plantations determines the success rate of chili fruit production. Apart from the fact that the distance of Stingless bee cultivation is still in the plantation environment, there are also factors that affect the Stingless bee population, namely from the variety of plants, fertilizers, planting techniques and how to control pests. There are biotic factors in the form of climatic conditions in the environment, and abiotic factors in the form of natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids. This research was conducted in the horticultural plantation environment of Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. Found as many as 6 types of predators consisting of: 3 types of Formicidae, 1 type of Coccinellidae ladybug and 2 types of Vespidae and from spiders there are 2 types of Nephila sp. A total of types of wasps (Braconidae 1, Eulophidae 2, Chalcididae 1 and Sphecidae 3). But the potential as a natural enemy of some of these predators and parasitoids still requires more research
Photocatalyst with Various Ratios and Concentrations of TiO2-Fe3O4 to Remove Humic Acid Pollutants
Humic acid is naturally generated from aerobic decomposition of organic matter by organisms. Treatment of humic acid by photocatalyst have some advantages, such as no saturation point, inexpensive, non-toxic and environmental friendly. Photocatalyst is a photochemical process which involved catalyst and light illumination to generate radicals. This study was aimed determine the ability of photocatalysts to degrade humic acid using various ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) and concentrations of TiO2-Fe3O4 (2000, 6000, 10000 ppm) with UVC light as energy source. This research was carried out using the photocatalytic method, which determine optimum ratio and concentrations variation of TiO2-Fe3O4. The degradation data were obtained using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis with a wavelength of 254 nm. The optimum degradation percentage in the ratio variation test was 84,08 %, at a ratio of 2:1. It caused by the ratio of 2:1 contains more TiO2 than Fe3O4. The optimum degradation percentage in the concentration variation test was 93,35%, at a 2000 ppm concentration. Due to, too much catalyst uses could be cause turbidity and block the light for absorption by the photocatalyst so that the photodegradation process becomes less effective.
Removal of Heavy Metals (Fe and Pb) in The Mahakam River Water Using Eggshells and Rubbing Ash as Adsorbent
Pollution of heavy metals (Fe and Pb) in the Mahakam River water has become an important problem. The solution for this case is water purification using natural product. There are several purification methods, one of them is the adsorption method to reduce the levels of heavy metals (Fe and Pb). The aim of this study was to reduce the concentration of heavy metals (Fe and Pb) using egg shells and rubbing ash as adsorbents. Characterization of the ability to adsorb heavy metals by adsorbents using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). By varying the mass of the adsorbent, the maximum Fe adsorption ability was obtained at a mass of 10 grams, namely 0.11 mg per liter (eggshells) and 0.3 mg per liter (eggshells+rubbing ash). Meanwhile, the maximum Pb adsorption capacity at 10 grams was 0.24 mg per liter (eggshells) and 0.17 mg per liter (eggshells+rubbing ash). Thus the best adsorbent for Fe is eggshell and the best adsorbent for Pb is a mixture of eggshell and rubbing ash. For modelling Fe sorption by eggshells, the Freudlich isotherm fits better than the Langmuir isotherm. Based on the Freudlich isotherm result, the adsorption process is forable and the maximum adsorption capacity is 0.009601 mg/g. This work gives detailed information about an innovative method to utilize eggshell waste and rubbing ash as an inexpensive adsorbent to remove heavy metals (Fe and Pb) from Mahakam River Waters.
Sustainability Status and Factor Analyses to Improve Post-mining Land Use Sustainability Level with Pepper and Rice Plants
Degraded post-mining land can be recovered by organizing and restoring the environment through revegetation, reclamation, and post-mining land use, which will provide an optimum benefit for the community either economically or socially around the post-mining land. Therefore, sustainability analysis studies are necessary to optimize the post-mining land use sustainability and determination. This study aimed to: (1) Determine the sustainability status and factors that can be used to improve the post-mining land use with the Multidimensional-Scalling (MDS) method based on the ecological, economical, social, law, infrastructure, and technological dimensions, (2) Calculate the business investment eligibility in post-mining land with pepper and rice plants using the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) method. The MDS-RAPs analysis results obtained ecological sustainability index at 56.73, economical sustainability index at 63.72, social sustainability index at 67.09, law sustainability index at 58.18, infrastructure and technological sustainability index at 89.74. Based on the Investment Eligibility Analysis in Pepper Seedlings, the Net Present Value (NPV) was obtained at Rp 291,770,337.19, Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) at 8.95, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) at 13.8%, and Gross BC at 32.6. Meanwhile, the Investment Eligibility Analysis in Rice Plant Cultivation obtained the NPV at Rp 178,372,549.80, Net B/C at 3.89, IRR at 23.63%, and Gross BC at 23.2. From these results, it can be concluded that the open coal post-mining land use as pepper and rice plant cultivations is eligible to conduct based on the sustainability and business investment eligibility analyses, following the proper environmental organization and restoration with the respective post-mining land characteristics. Keywords: Sustainability, post-mining, investment, pepper, rice plant.
Livestock Weighing System Using the Internet of Things (Iot) for Caribi Marketplace
The livestock investment system, or Maro, is one form of investment in great demand. Maro is a livestock-rearing system in which owners entrust their livestock maintenance to others for profit sharing. However, many potential investors have difficulty finding breeders willing to cooperate. This research aims to create a system where potential investors and prospective breeders can be met through a marketplace to facilitate cooperation between the two. To create a unique marketplace for the livestock row system, necessary to build a system that can record the profile of each farm animal. From the animal's age and weight to the latest photo of the farm animal. Therefore, it is necessary to build a system that can transmit livestock data to the marketplace database as consideration for potential investors before investing there. The results of this research, the system can read data on the RFID installed in livestock. The system also successfully weighs livestock and then sends livestock weight data to the server to be processed into livestock product information.
Comparison of the Effect of Adding Coca-Cola and Sugar on Setting Time and Concrete Compressive Strength
This study aims to compare the effect of the addition of Coca-Cola and granulated sugar on the performance of the mixture. This research is using experimental method. First, watch the effect of granulated sugar and sugar content in Coca-Cola given on the weight of cement at the initial setting time and the final setting time of cement. Then watch the compressive strength of concrete with a variety of samples. The percentage of sugar content in Coca-Cola used varies, namely 0%; 2.5%; 5%; and 15%, while the percentage of variations in the sugar content used is 0%; 0.27%; 0.54%; 1.08% and 1.62% of the cement weight with 3 specimens respectively. The test results showed that the longest setting time was obtained with a mixture of 15% Coca-Cola with an initial setting time of 1662 minutes and a final setting time of 2511 minutes, while the maximum compressive strength test results obtained a mixture of Coca-Cola 2.5% of 22.56 Mpa at 28 days and 34.95 MPa at 60 days. The higher the additional percentage, the slower the concrete will eventually become to some extent. In this study, the use of Coca-Cola produces a better value than sugar.
The Use of Plastic Waste as Subtitute for Coarse Aggregate of Concrete
Many waste materials are produced from manufacturing processes, service industries, and municipal solid waste, one of which is plastic waste. Plastic consumption from year to year is increasing uncontrollably. The amount of use is getting higher every year because of the high population density that affects the use of plastic, especially in Indonesia. The very rapid increase in the amount of plastic waste is not balanced with the slow natural plastic decomposition process because it takes a long time. Various actions are taken to reduce the amount of plastic waste, one of which is using plastic as a construction material as a supporting structure that does not require high quality. Plastics that have durable and elastic properties are expected to create environmentally friendly materials. From the four variations, the highest compressive strength was recorded for a variation of 30% substitution of PET plastic aggregate which met the requirements of normal concrete, while 40%, 60%, and 70% entered into low-strength concrete. The compressive strength decreases with increasing plastic variation because the slippery surface of the plastic stone is not able to bind cement, as well as the density of concrete which is below normal concrete requirements. The lightness of plastic affects the weight of the concrete which continues to decrease as the amount of plastic in it and the reduction of stone aggregates.
The The Potential And Characterization Of Oil Palm Loose Fruits (Lf) By Steaming And Pressure Steaming (Autoclaving) Process
Generally the palm loose fruits (LF) that have passed the processing time are considered as solid waste. In this study, the potential of palm loose fruits (LF) will be investigated. Mechanical extraction to obtain crude palm oil (CPO) from palm loose fruits (LF) will be carried out. Before enter the extraction process, oil palm loose fruits (LF) will be softened by heating using steaming or pressure steaming (autoclaving). The oil palm loose fruits (LF) that have passed the processing delay of 4, 8 and 12 days will be characterized and investigated related to the composition of the mesocarp, seeds and yields, both by steaming and autoclaving. It was found that the composition of mesocarp of oil palm loose fruits (LF) at different processing delay by steaming or autoclaving process was + 55% and the yield of oil (CPO) was around 15.3 - 16.64%. The results also showed that autoclaving will give significantly more yields than steaming when the oil palm loose fruits (LF) had a 12-day delay in processing. The composition of the seeds or kernels of oil palm loose fruits(LF) was around 45%. Seeds known as kernels which can be processed to produce crude palm kernel oil (CPKO), further could offer the added economic value of palm loose fruits (LF). In addition, this study found that CPO of oil palm loose fruits (LF) contain palmitic acid, while palmitic acid increased with increasing processing delay of palm loose fruits. The palmitic acid content increases due to the hydrolysis process of the palm loose fruits. Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid that has similarities with hydrocarbon compounds found in petroleum, so it can be determined that oil palm loose fruits (LF) that have passed the processing time up to 12 days still have potential as a source of biofuels.
Simulation of the Use of Solar and Wind Energy as a Hybrid Power Plant in Malahing Village Using Software Homer
The need for electricity is increasingly becoming a problem because of limited energy sources so that there are several villages that have not received electricity supply from PLN, one of which is Mallahing Village. The geographical location of the village supports the use of Solar and Bayu Hybrid Power Plants, so simulations need to be carried out to determine the optimal configuration and electrical system. Mallahing village has a potential wind speed of 3.58 m/s and a potential solar irradiation of 4.63 kw/m2. The simulation results get the optimal configuration for the load requirement of 231 kwh/day is to use a PV capacity of 16.1 Kw, a Wind Turbine with a capacity of 5.1 kW of 15 units, an Inverter of 16.3 Kw and a Stroage of 220 kWh. The electrical system on the solar panels produces a total production of 22,276 kwh/yr. Meanwhile, the wind turbine electrical system produces a total production of 70.446 kwh/yr. The optimal configuration has a Net Present Cost of Rp. 3,862,619,107.74. Of the total system production, solar panels supply electricity by 24% and wind turbines supply electricity by 76%. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the optimal configuration and operation of the system for 25 years and based on the potential for wind speed and solar irradiation at the research site, wind turbines produce more electrical energy to supply load needs compared to solar panels because solar panels only operate from morning to evening.
Hydrogeology and Groundwater Modeling in the Mining Area of Pt. X in Berambai Area, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province
The world of mining, especially coal mining, is an activity that can cause changes in geological, hydrological, morphological and land use conditions. Changes in these conditions also have an impact or influence on the mining and post-mining processes. The location of the research was carried out in the mining business area of PT. X which is located in the Berambai area, Kutai Kartanegara Regency with a research area of 2,6 km2. This study aimed to determine the hydrogeological conditions and model the direction of groundwater flow in the research area. This study uses primary data like direct geological mapping and rainfall in the mining area, while secondary data in the form of regional geology, coring data, groundwater level observation data, climate data and literature studies. The method used in modeling the direction of groundwater flow is the finite difference grid method. The research area is part of the Separi Besar watershed so the research area is determined as a rain catchment area. The groundwater recharge value obtained is 930,4074 mm mm/year. The research area belongs to the Typology of Sandstone-Claystone Sedimentary Aquifer System, the types of aquifers found are unconfined aquifers and confined aquifers. The hydrostratigraphy of the research area consists of aquifer, aquitard and aquiclude layers. The hydrogeological boundaries of the research area are river boundaries, groundwater divide and impermeable boundaries. From the results of the model that has been calibrated and analyzed for sensitivity, that is, groundwater flow in the unconfined aquifer layer is not found in the Eastern part of the study area, while groundwater flow in the confined aquifer layer is still visible, this is because the unconfined aquifer layer is not continuous. The direction of groundwater flow is towards the lower area, namely the constant network (river) and the mining pit area.
Phytochemical Analysis and Screening of Antibacterial Activity of White Pacing Flower (Costus Speciosus (J. Koening) Sm.)
This study was conducted with the aim of identifying secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of white pacing flower extract (Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.). Phytochemical screening tests are performed qualitatively and antibacterial activity tests are carried out by agar well diffusion methods with modification against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Propionibacterium acnes KCCM 41747, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus sobrinus KCCM 11898 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 422. The results of phytochemical screening showed that crude ethanol extract containing flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins, in the methanol:water fraction containing flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins while the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions containing steroid compounds. Antibacterial screening showed the highest antibacterial activity in the ethyl acetate fraction against P. acnes with an inhibition zone diameter of 11.3 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.25%. Keywords: Costus speciosus, Antibacterial, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.
The Identification of Microplastics in Karang Mumus and Karang Asam Kecil River Estuary, Samarinda
The downstream of Mahakam River that crosses Samarinda City is surrounded by densely populated urban areas and many activities. This area also has several small rivers or tributaries, such as the Karang Mumus and Karang Asam Kecil River. A higher abundance of microplastics is often found in small rivers in urban areas. It is necessary to research microplastic pollution. River water sampling was carried out using an integrated sampling method on both sides and the middle of the estuary. Furthermore, the sample passes through the first filtration process, removal of organic substances using H2O2, separation with a density separator, and second filtration. Microplastic analysis with a microscope was carried out to determine the size, shape, and color. FTIR analysis to determine the type of microplastic polymer. The results showed that the dominant shape of microplastic found is the type of fiber, but fragments and films are also found. The size of the microplastic that dominates is microplastic measuring 25-250µm. While the black color was found more in all samples, but also red, blue, and transparent. Nylon, nitrile, and polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) were the polymers found. The abundance of microplastics is known to decrease with the depth of sampling.
Impact of NaOH Concentration and Pretreatment Time on the Lignocellulose Composition of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for Second-Generation Bioethanol Production
Using lignocellulosic materials as raw materials to manufacture alternative fuels second generation (G2) is a solution for substituting fossil fuels. One source of lignocellulose is sweet sorghum bagasse. The pretreatment process is essential to increase the percentage of cellulose contained in the material before the fermentation and hydrolysis. So, this study aims to evaluate the NaOH concentration and pretreatment time effect on the lignocellulose composition of pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse. The Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) experimental design was chosen with 2 independent factors, namely NaOH concentration with 2 levels (4% and 8%) and the pretreatment time with 2 levels (10 min and 30 min). The observed responses data was analyzed using a Two-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level, and if there were any significant differences, followed by Duncan multiple range tests (DMRT). The results showed that both independent factors affected (p-value ˂ 0.05) the lignocellulose composition of pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse, especially in lignin reduction. The best combination in pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse was found at 8% NaOH concentration and 30 min of the pretreatment time. In this condition, the cellulose increased by 13.56%, and hemicellulose and lignin decreased by 3.09% and 10.12%, respectively, to the raw material. Keywords: Bioethanol, Lignin, Lignocelullose Composition, NaOH concentration
Short Perspective on Membrane Integration in Microalgae Bioreactor for CO2 Capture
The global warming issue has reached an alarming level due to the continuous increase of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. They are released into the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities and contributions from many industries that employ coal, fuel oil, and natural gas. To achieve environmentally friendly and sustainable conditions, CO2 capture is important. This article starts by discussing the comparison of several methods in CO2 capture, continues with the performance of CO2 capture in microalgae bioreactor (photo-bioreactor), and closed with the prospect of membrane integration in photo-bioreactor. There are physical, chemical, and biological methods for capturing CO2. Physical method leads to expensive processes and chemical method leads to producing chemical waste. Biological method using microalgae is considered attractive and several factors affected the capture process, i.e. temperature, pH, light intensity, microalgae strain, types of bioreactor, CO2 and toxic substances concentration (SO2 and NOx), and illumination cycle. This article discloses that airlift and flat panel photo-bioreactors are promising for CO2 capture because of their high volumetric productivity, high photosynthetic efficiency, high gas transfer, and uniform mixing. Furthermore, membrane integration in photo-bioreactors increases the capture efficiency as it can produce fine bubbles for better CO2 mass transfer into the medium. Therefore, microalgae cultivation combine with membrane process has a potential prospect for environmental remediation while producing valuable products from microalgae.
Mangrove Health Condition Status Based on Canopy Cover in Coastal Ecotourism Areas in Kersik Village, Kutai Kartanegara Regency and Mangrove Ecotourism in Kampung Baru, Penajam Paser Utara Regency
Mangroves are plants that can live in areas that have salinity and are influenced by tides. Kersik Village and Kampung Baru are areas that have mangrove ecosystems in them. One of the parameters is knowing the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem by analyzing the mangrove canopy cover. This research was conducted using the Hemispherical Photography method and analyzed using ImageJ Software. From the results of the study found 10 types of mangroves at the research station in Kersik Village including Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Soneratia alba, Ceriop tagal, Acrostichum speciosum, Lumnitzera littorea, Lumnitzera racemose, and Aegiceras floridum. Then in the Kampung Baru, 9 of the same species were found except for the mangrove species. While the percentage value obtained in Kersik Village is 71.04% with good criteria (medium) and in Kampung Baru 74.28% with good criteria (medium).