Structural Assessment of Teak Timber Beams in Heritage Buildings: Integrated Visual Inspection and FEM Analysis of OJK Central Java Office
Keywords:
Tectona grandis, heritage conservation, finite element analysis, structural deflection, timber beams, LISA V.8,Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive structural assessment of teak wood (Tectona grandis) beams in the heritage OJK Central Java office building, integrating visual inspection techniques and Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis using LISA V.8. Field investigations revealed significant cracking (0.6–1.4 mm width) and deflection (10.5 mm) in 8-meter span beams, despite being within the SNI 7973:2013 permissible limit (L/240 = 33.33 mm). Laboratory tests characterized material properties: Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 12,600 MPa, Poisson’s ratio (ν) = 0.30–0.35, and density (ρ) = 680 kg/m³. FEM simulations validated field measurements (10.39 mm vs. 10.5 mm actual deflection) and identified critical tensile stresses (3.17 MPa) approaching the material’s allowable limit (8.5 MPa). The paradox of acceptable deflection but material failure underscores the need for advanced assessment techniques in heritage structures. FRP reinforcement is recommended to enhance load capacity while preserving architectural integrity
References
[1] Y. Li, X. Wang, and L. Wang, Condition assessment of timber structures in historical buildings: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 43, p. 102547, 2021.
[2] D. Kusumastuti, H. Risdianto, and B. H. Susanto, “The performance of teak wood in tropical climate: A study on physical and mechanical properties degradation,” International Journal of Forestry and Wood Science, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 45–56, 2019.
[3] L. Wang and Y. Li, “Long-term deflection prediction of timber beams under sustained loads,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 260, p. 119724, 2020.
[4] C. A. Hill, A. Norton, and G. Newman, “The water vapour sorption properties of Sitka spruce determined using a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1687–1697, 2015.
[5] J. Bodig and B. A. Jayne, Mechanics of wood and wood composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
[6] B. Kasal, M. Piazza, and R. Tomasi, Structural rehabilitation of old timber structures. Springer, 2020.
[7] O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor, The Finite Element Method, Vol. 1: The Basis. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
[8] O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor, The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics, 7th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.
[9] O. C. Zienkiewicz, R. L. Taylor, and J. Z. Zhu, The Finite Element Method: Its Basis and Fundamentals, 7th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.
[10] R. D. Cook, D. S. Malkus, M. E. Plesha, and R. J. Witt, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
[11] A. W. Efendi, Y. Do, and N. F. Rachman, “Behavior of Rail Ballast Layer Using Mortar Foam with LISA-FEA,” Journal of Railway Transportation and …, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.jrtt.org/jrtt/article/view/8
[12] A. W. Efendi, “LISA FEA,” researchgate.net, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aco-Efendi/publication/364959931_Repair_analysis_of_Pinang_Bridge_oprit_subsidence_with_mortar_form_using_LISA_FEA/links/63612e80431b1f53005fc528/Repair-analysis-of-Pinang-Bridge-oprit-subsidence-with-mortar-form-using-LISA-FEA.pdf
[13] LISA FEA, “LISA FEA User Manual,” 2023.
[14] A. W. Efendi and C. Weijia, “Buffer stops behavior due to rail impact loads with LISA FEA,” Journal of Railway Transportation and Technology, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://jrtt.org/jrtt/article/view/20
[15] A. W. Efendi, “ChatGPT application in ground settlement analysis using LISA V. 8 FEA,” Research of Scientia Naturalis, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://journal.ypidathu.or.id/index.php/scientia/article/view/826
[16] A. W. Efendi, “Desain Kandang Sperma Ideal untuk Sapi menggunakan LISA V. 8 FEA,” Jurnal Sintesis: Penelitian Sains, Terapan dan …, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.jurnal.iik.ac.id/index.php/jurnalsintesis/article/view/71
[17] A. W. Efendi, “ChatGPT application in ground settlement analysis using LISA V. 8 FEA,” Research of Scientia Naturalis, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://journal.ypidathu.or.id/index.php/scientia/article/view/826
[18] A. W. Efendi, “Behavior of railroad bearing due to temperature and load using LISA FEA,” Journal of Railway Transportation and Technology, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://jrtt.org/index.php/jrtt/article/view/1
[19] A. W. Efendi, “Characteristic behavior of soil using bacterial biogrouting with LISA FEA V. 8.,” International Journal of Advanced Science and …, 2024, [Online]. Available: http://ijasca.org/index.php/ijasca/article/view/47
[20] Aco Wahyudi Efendi, Senot Sangadji, Halwan Afisa Saifullah, and Stefanus Kristiawan, “Behavior of Fastener Due to Tensile Loads on Cold Rolled Steel with LISA V.8 FEA,” Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering-Conference: International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 379–390, Jul. 2024.
[21] A. Triwiyono, A. Supriyadi, and A. Suharjanto, “The flexural behavior of timber beams reinforced with steel plates,” in Procedia Engineering, 2016, pp. 1392–1399.
[22] R. Pokkula and T. V. K. Gupta, “Finite Element Method Based Evaluation of Bogie Bolster Design.,” … Journal of Vehicle Structures & …, 2021, [Online]. Available: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true%5C&profile=ehost%5C&scope=site%5C&authtype=crawler%5C&jrnl=09753060%5C&AN=151614565%5C&h=timGZXkT3zcplpAJAQbZ6pIJm%2BdlACKfpIYj8oAJBFXrTBhfcoTi4W9o9%2FRcDeTBnd9xuns4Zo2DsqoTJu0R8g%3D%3D%5C&crl=c
[23] T. Sibilli and U. Igie, “Transient thermal modeling of ball bearing using finite element method,” Journal of Engineering for Gas …, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/gasturbinespower/article-abstract/140/3/032501/473658
[24] E. Lim, A method for generating simplified finite element models for electrical cabinets. smartech.gatech.edu, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/56303
[25] T. Song, Y. Liu, and Y. Wang, “Finite Element Method for Modeling 3D Resistivity Sounding on Anisotropic Geoelectric Media,” Math. Probl. Eng., vol. 2017, pp. 1–12, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/8027616.
[26] W. Lu, Q. Zhang, and W. Zhou, “Pile Driving Analysis Based on Wave Equation Theory and Finite Element Method,” Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 56–68, 2020.
[27] L. Sledziewski, L. Sledziewski, and M. Kowalczyk, “Fatigue stresses assessment in welded connections of steel bridge using finite element method,” J. Constr. Steel Res., vol. 140, pp. 105–115, 2018.
[28] L. Meng, Discrete and continuum modeling of brittle and ductile fracture within the framework of finite element method. search.proquest.com, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/fea1162bdc281115efab34cb65d4de2a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
[29] A. W. Efendi, “Modeling of soil subsidence in IKN using numerical analysis of the finite element method LISA V. 8,” researchgate. net, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aco-Efendi/publication/367090313_Modeling_of_soil_subsidence_in_IKN_using_numerical_analysis_of_the_finite_element_method_LISA_V8/links/63c0f9964c7e7c4e5125262a/Modeling-of-soil-subsidence-in-IKN-using-numerical-analysis-of-the-finite-element-method-LISA-V8.pdf
[30] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, “SNI 7973:2013: Spesifikasi desain untuk konstruksi kayu,” 2013, BSN.
[31] M. A. Ritter, Timber construction manual. John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
[32] R. Gupta, S. Bhatnagar, and S. Khanduja, “Elastic constants of teak wood: A review,” Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2004.
[33] R. Kumar, S. Agarwal, and D. Sharma, “Mechanical properties of teak wood: A review,” J. For. Res. (Harbin)., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 753–761, 2018.
[34] K. J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures. Prentice Hall, 1996.
[35] K. J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2014.
[36] O. J. ACHOLA, MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF VARIABLE VISCOSITY HYDROMAGNETIC BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW WITH THERMAL RADIATION AND NEWTONIAN …. ir-library.ku.ac.ke, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/18847/Mathematical%20Modelling%20of%20Variable%20Viscosity....pdf?sequence=1
[37] B. R. Banting and W. W. El-Dakhakhni, “Force-and displacement-based seismic performance parameters for reinforced masonry structural walls with boundary elements,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 2012, [Online]. Available: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000572
[38] R. Purba and M. Bruneau, “Case study on the impact of horizontal boundary elements design on seismic behavior of steel plate shear walls,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 2012, [Online]. Available: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000490
[39] Y. Xiao and L. Y. She, FRP-strengthened timber structures. Woodhead Publishing, 2019.
